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International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices (NUSOD)

Signatures of Non-Classical Light Emission from Semiconductor Lasers

Daniele Nello, Lorenzo Columbo

Published Sep 14, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nowadays, single-photon sources can be generated experimentally through a wide variety of platforms [1]. Semiconductor quantum dots [2] have demonstrated impressive performance in terms of photon purity and indistinguishability, particularly in Hong-Ou-Mandel experiments. Another widely used method involves nonlinear crystals, which can generate entangled photon pairs via nonlinear processes such as spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) or spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). These are heralded single-photon sources, rather than deterministic ones, yet they remain essential tools in quantum optics [3]. Moreover, among the most commonly used single photon sources, there are NV centres in diamonds [4]. These single-photon sources emit quantum states of light, i.e., those that have no classical counterpart.

DOI
10.1109/nusod64393.2025.11199664

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Nowadays, single-photon sources can be generated experimentally through a wide variety of platforms [1]. Semiconductor quantum dots [2] have demonstrated impressive performance in terms of photon purity and indistinguishability, particularly in Hong-Ou-Mandel experiments. Another widely used method involves nonlinear crystals, which can generate entangled photon pairs via nonlinear processes such as spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) or spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). These are heralded single-photon sources, rather than deterministic ones, yet they remain essential tools in quantum optics [3]. Moreover, among the most commonly used single photon sources, there are NV centres in diamonds [4]. These single-photon sources emit quantum states of light, i.e., those that have no classical counterpart.
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Interference between independent single photons is perhaps the most fundamental interaction in quantum optics. It has become increasingly important as a tool for optical quantum information science, as one of the rudimentary quantum operations, together with photon detection, for generating entanglement between non-interacting particles. Despite this, demonstrations of large-scale photonic networks involving more than two independent sources of quantum light have been limited due to the difficulty in constructing large arrays of high-quality single photon sources. Here, we solve the key challenge, reporting a novel array of more than eighteen near-identical, low-loss, high-purity, heralded single photon sources achieved using spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) on a silica chip. We verify source quality through a series of heralded Hong-Ou-Mandel experiments, and further report the experimental three-photon extension of the entire Hong-Ou-Mandel interference curves, which map out the interference landscape between three independent single photon sources for the first time.
The ability to determine the joint spectral properties of photon pairs produced by the processes of spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) and spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) is crucial for guaranteeing the usability of heralded single photons and polarization-entangled pairs for multi-photon protocols. In this paper, we compare six different techniques that yield either a characterization of the joint spectral intensity or of the closely related purity of heralded single photons. These six techniques include: (i) scanning monochromator measurements, (ii) a variant of Fourier transform spectroscopy designed to extract the desired information exploiting a resource-optimized technique, (iii) dispersive fibre spectroscopy, (iv) stimulated-emission-based measurement, (v) measurement of the second-order correlation function g(2) for one of the two photons, and (vi) two-source Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometry. We discuss the relative performance of these techniques for the specific cases of a SPDC source designed to be factorable and SFWM sources of varying purity, and compare the techniques’ relative advantages and disadvantages.
Heralded single photons with wavelength near 1550nm are expected to be an important resource for future quantum communications applications. Such applications often rely on non-classical Hong Ou Mandel interference (HOMI) that is observed between indistinguishable, pure photon states. While high visibility HOMI is routinely achieved for photons from identically prepared sources, here we observe interference between photons from two dissimilar systems. To generate synchronised indistinguishable photons, two photon sources were pumped with a single 1064nm, picosecond-pulsed fibre laser. In one source the laser pulses generated correlated pairs of photons at 810nm and 1550nm through four-wave mixing in photonic crystal fibre (PCF). In the other, the laser was used to generate second harmonic light at 532nm in a bulk crystal, before being launched into a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide. This structure was designed to generate signal and idler photons through parametric down-conversion, matched in wavelength to the fibre based source. Idler photons from both sources were input into a fused-fibre coupler in order to measure the HOMI visibility. HOMI with a net visibility of 70% was demonstrated between photons from the two sources (after accounting for the background due to emission of multiple photons from a single source). A visibility of 80% is anticipated for the current sources after further improvement in the purity of the generated states. This result is the first step towards realising a quantum relay system, in which transmitted qubits produced by low loss, fibre-based photon sources interact with photons produced locally on a chip.