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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Atom-Mediated Nonlinear Sources of Quantum Light

Aleksa Krstić, Priyanshu Tiwari, Frank Setzpfandt, Ulf Peschel, Sina Saravi

Published Jun 26, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Sources of highly nonclassical light are important building blocks of many proposed implementations of optical quantum technologies [1]. The most common realisations of nonclassical light sources are either based on two-level quantum emitters or on nonlinear sources of photon pairs and squeezed light [2] and are generally limited in the properties of the quantum states of light they can efficiently generate: single-photon states for two-level systems and squeezed states (with a Gaussian Wigner function) for nonlinear sources.

DOI
10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec57999.2023.10232097

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Sources of highly nonclassical light are important building blocks of many proposed implementations of optical quantum technologies [1]. The most common realisations of nonclassical light sources are either based on two-level quantum emitters or on nonlinear sources of photon pairs and squeezed light [2] and are generally limited in the properties of the quantum states of light they can efficiently generate: single-photon states for two-level systems and squeezed states (with a Gaussian Wigner function) for nonlinear sources.
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Quantum states of light, such as single photons, pairs of entangled photons, and squeezed light are a key resource for photonic quantum technologies. All these states can be obtained via the nonlinear optical effect of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). In SPDC, a higher-energy photon of a coherent beam (pump) splits in two lower-energy daughter photons, called signal and idler. The photons of such a pair can be entangled in polarization, time/frequency, and position/momentum. Efficient generation of photon pairs requires a high second-order susceptibilityχ(2)\chi^{(2)}χ(2)of the material where it occurs, and the phase matching between the pump and the down-converted photons.
Abstract Two-level emitters are the main building blocks of photonic quantum technologies and are model systems for the exploration of quantum optics in the solid state. Most interesting is the strict resonant excitation of such emitters to control their occupation coherently and to generate close to ideal quantum light, which is of utmost importance for applications in photonic quantum technology. To date, the approaches and experiments in this field have been performed exclusively using bulky lasers, which hinders the application of resonantly driven two-level emitters in compact photonic quantum systems. Here we address this issue and present a concept for a compact resonantly driven single-photon source by performing quantum-optical spectroscopy of a two-level system using a compact high-β microlaser as the excitation source. The two-level system is based on a semiconductor quantum dot (QD), which is excited resonantly by a fiber-coupled electrically driven micropillar laser. We dress the excitonic state of the QD under continuous wave excitation, and trigger the emission of single photons with strong multi-photon suppression (  g(2)(0)=0.02\, g^{(2)}(0) = 0.02g(2)(0)=0.02 g ( 2 ) ( 0 ) = 0.02 ) and high photon indistinguishability (V = 57±9%) via pulsed resonant excitation at 156 MHz. These results clearly demonstrate the high potential of our resonant excitation scheme, which can pave the way for compact electrically driven quantum light sources with excellent quantum properties to enable the implementation of advanced quantum communication protocols.
Nonclassical states of light are an essential resource for many emerging quantum technologies and applications ranging from information processing, encrypted communications, and networking to sensing, metrology, and imaging. Nonlinear optical processes in solid-state materials are widely used for generating quantum light, including single photons, entangled-photon pairs, and quadrature-squeezed states. Recent advances in nonlinear photonics have enabled the functionality of benchtop nonlinear instruments to be scaled down to a single chip without sacrificing efficiency or degrading the key performance metrics. The dramatic improvement in the size, weight, power, cost, and stability enabled by photonic integrated circuits has been essential for enabling the chip-scale generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum light at a steadily increasing degree of complexity and scale. Within the last decade, the authors have seen the progression from few-component photonic circuits operating on two photons to arrays of 18 identical heralded single-photon sources and reconfigurable devices operating with more than 650 components for multidimensional entanglement and arbitrary two-photon quantum gates. In this review, the authors summarize the history and recent key technological developments of chip-scale nonlinear quantum light generation based on integrated nonlinear photonics, recent advances in heterogeneous integrated methods, and approaches for system-level integration and demonstrated applications.
Nowadays, single-photon sources can be generated experimentally through a wide variety of platforms [1]. Semiconductor quantum dots [2] have demonstrated impressive performance in terms of photon purity and indistinguishability, particularly in Hong-Ou-Mandel experiments. Another widely used method involves nonlinear crystals, which can generate entangled photon pairs via nonlinear processes such as spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) or spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). These are heralded single-photon sources, rather than deterministic ones, yet they remain essential tools in quantum optics [3]. Moreover, among the most commonly used single photon sources, there are NV centres in diamonds [4]. These single-photon sources emit quantum states of light, i.e., those that have no classical counterpart.