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Journal of Applied Physics

Faraday polarization rotation control of 1529 nm wavelength between excited states of Rb atoms

Chenxu Liu, Anhong Dang

Published Sep 1, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Faraday polarization rotation control of 1529 nm wavelength has been obtained using the 5S1/2→5P3/2→4D5/2 transition of rubidium. The traditional off-resonant polarization rotation method commonly used in the Faraday effect for direct transitions of atoms is not applicable to the transitions between excited states. In this study, we proposed a near-resonant polarization rotation method using the Faraday effect between excited states of atoms, by which the polarization rotation of the rubidium 5P3/2→4D5/2 transition can be controlled from 0° to 90° with low distortion. The 780 nm pump light corresponding to the 5S1/2→5P3/2 transition can also be used simultaneously as a control source to manipulate the polarization state of the 1529 nm optical signal.

DOI
10.1063/5.0163110

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Faraday rotation and ellipticity spectroscopy between excited states of Rb vapor: Theory and experiment

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arXiv:2112.00186•Journal of Optics•Aug 1, 2021•28 citations
Faraday polarization rotation control of 1529 nm wavelength has been obtained using the 5S1/2→5P3/2→4D5/2 transition of rubidium. The traditional off-resonant polarization rotation method commonly used in the Faraday effect for direct transitions of atoms is not applicable to the transitions between excited states. In this study, we proposed a near-resonant polarization rotation method using the Faraday effect between excited states of atoms, by which the polarization rotation of the rubidium 5P3/2→4D5/2 transition can be controlled from 0° to 90° with low distortion. The 780 nm pump light corresponding to the 5S1/2→5P3/2 transition can also be used simultaneously as a control source to manipulate the polarization state of the 1529 nm optical signal.
The Faraday rotation and ellipticity spectra of rubidium $5{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4{D}_{5/2}$ transition in a magnetic field have been calculated and experimentally measured. By using the rotating quarter-wave plate method, the Stokes parameters of the $5{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4{D}_{5/2}$ near-resonant probe light are measured to obtain the Faraday rotation and the ellipticity. The variation of the rotation and the ellipticity spectra is analyzed in different magnetic fields, temperatures, and pump powers. The polarization rotation over 50 deg in 1529 nm with negligible elliptical distortion is obtained. Our study of the Faraday effect between excited states of atoms broadens the available wavelength of the Faraday effect in applications.
An excited-state Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (ESFADOF) operating on the rubidium 5P3/2-4D5/2 transition (1529.4 nm in vacuum) is demonstrated, which utilizes an electrodeless discharge lamp rather than a laser-pumped Rb vapor cell as in a traditional ESFADOF system. When the lamp operates in the red mode with 3.5 W radio-frequency driving power, a twin-peak line-shaped transmission spectrum is obtained, which has a maximum transmittance of 21.9% (without taking into account the system loss and fluorescence background). ESFADOF by exploiting the 5P3/2-4D3/2 transition (1529.3 nm in vacuum) is also explored. A single-peak transmission spectrum with a maximum transmittance of about 3% is achieved. The electrodeless discharge lamp based ESFADOF holds promise for realizing a compact, low-cost, and good long-term frequency-stabilized laser system for optical communication applications.
An ongoing spectroscopic investigation of atomic rubidium utilizes a two-photon, single-laser excitation process. Transitions accessible with our tunable laser include 5P1/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F) and 5P3/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F). The laser is split into a pump and probe beam to allow for Doppler-free measurements of transitions between hyperfine levels. The pump and probe beams are overlapped in a counter-propagating geometry and the laser frequency scans over a transition. Absorption, fluorescence and polarization spectroscopy techniques are applied to this basic experimental setup. The temperature of the vapor cell and the power of the pump and probe beams have been varied to explore line broadening effects and signal-to-noise of each technique. This humble setup will hopefully grow into a more robust experimental arrangement in which double resonance, two-laser excitations are used to explore hyperfine state changing collisions between rubidium atoms and noble gas atoms. Rb-noble gas collisions can transfer population between hyperfine levels, such as 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3) Collision ←− 5P3/2 (F ′ = 2), and the probe beam couples 7S1/2 (F ′′ = 2) ← 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3). Polarization spectroscopy signal depends on the rate of population transfer due to the collision as well as maintaining the orientation created by the pump laser. Fluorescence spectroscopy relies only on transfer of population due to the collision. Comparison of these techniques yields information regarding the change of the magnetic sublevels, mF , during hyperfine state changing collisions.
Abstract The interaction of rubidium atoms with sapphire cell windows at an interwindow distance L = 40–100 nm is studied. For studies, we used the Faraday rotation (FR) effect (rotation of the plane of radiation polarization in a magnetic field) in a thin rubidium atom vapor column for D1, 2 lines. When L decreases from 100 to 40 nm, a red shift of the FR signal frequency is detected: it increases from 10 to 250 MHz, and the broadening of the low-frequency wing increases to ~1 GHz. The atomic transition Fg = 3 → Fe = 2 for the D1 line of 85Rb is shown to be convenient for such investigations, since it can be spectrally separated from other strongly broadened atomic transitions. Coefficients C3, which characterize the atom–surface interaction for the D1 and D2 lines of Rb, are determined. An additional red frequency shift takes place at a nanocell thickness L < 100 nm when the Rb atom density increases, and this shift is absent at large L. A practical application of an FR signal for measuring strong magnetic fields of several kilogausses is described.
) with high stability, narrow spectral linewidth and low cost. This system does not need an additional frequency-stabilized pump laser as a prerequisite to preparing Rb atom from 5S to 5P excited state. Just by using a performance-improved electrodeless discharge lamp-based excited-state Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (LESFADOF), we realized a heterogeneously Faraday laser with the frequency corresponding to atomic transition, working stably over a range of laser diode (LD) current from 85 mA to 171 mA and the LD temperature from 11 °C to 32 °C, as well as the 24-hour long-term frequency fluctuation range of no more than 600 MHz. Both the laser linewidth and relative intensity noisy (RIN) are measured. The Faraday laser lasing on Rb 1529 nm transition (telecom C-band) can be applied to further research on metrology, microwave photonics and optical communication systems. Besides, since the transitions correspongding to the populated excited-states of alkali atoms within lamp are extraordinarily rich, this scheme can increase the flexibility for choosing proper wavelengths for Faraday laser and greatly expand the coverage of wavelength corresponding to atomic transmission for laser frequency stabilization.
Abstract With the help of Stokes operator Ŝ 2 squeezed state (also called polarization squeezed state (PSS)) of 795 nm light, rubidium-87 ( 87 Rb) atomic magnetometer based on Faraday rotation (FR) has been implemented and characterized. The PSS of Stokes operator Ŝ 2 of 795 nm light has been prepared by means of coherently combining the polarization coherent state (PCS) of a linearly p-polarized bright 795 nm light beam and a linearly s-polarized squeezed vacuum state (SVS) generated by a 397.5 nm ultraviolet laser pumped sub-threshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with a PPKTP bulk crystal inside the OPO cavity. PSS with a squeezing level of −3.7 ± 0.3 dB has been achieved around the analysis frequency of 10 kHz. At different transitions of D 1 line, various frequency detuning, and reasonable atomic vapor cell’s temperature, FR has been measured and compared. To decrease absorption (scattering) losses and the back-action from atomic spin noise to the probe beam’s polarization noise for maintaining the quantum properties of PSS of Stokes operator Ŝ 2 of 795 nm light, we had to run our magnetometer with 87 Rb vapor cell’s temperature below 60 °C, at which the PSS was almost destroyed. The sensitivities of magnetic field measurement were characterized via measuring signal-to-noise ratio of the alternating current calibrated magnetic field signal with a balanced polarimeter. Under the conditions of the atomic number density of ∼5.8 × 10 10 cm −3 ( T ∼ 40 °C) and the probe beam with a detuning of ∼−400 MHz relative to the 5S 1/2 ( F g = 2) − 5P 1/2 ( F e = 1) transition of 87 Rb D 1 line, a typical sensitivity of ∼19.5 pT (Hz 1/2 ) −1 has been achieved employing PSS of Stokes operator Ŝ 2 as the probe, compared with a sensitivity of ∼28.3pT (Hz 1/2 ) −1 using PCS as the probe. We preliminarily demonstrated that the quantum-enhanced sensitivity in a Faraday-rotation-based 87 Rb atomic magnetometer with the help of PSS of 795 nm light.