Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Review A

Multiphoton hyperfine Raman transitions with different quantization axes

Jia-Wei Chang, Yu-Chieh Huang, Zhen-Wei Xu, Yuan-Hung Kan, Hsing-Han Huang, Jia-Zhun Huang, Kai-Jun Fu, Xudong Liu, Pei-Chen Kuan

Published Jul 11, 2023• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The quantization axis defines the local interaction between the electromagnetic fields and the atoms. We studied both theoretically and experimentally the hyperfine Raman transition with different quantization axis and found a four-photon Raman transition which happened when the quantization axis is shifting from being parallel to perpendicular to the Raman beams' direction. It keeps the magnetic-field-insensitive feature like the two-photon Raman transition but can be used straightforwardly in multidimensional applications, like inertial sensors or even higher-dimensional quantum walk systems. In addition to inertial sensors, we also discuss the potential quantum sensing applications in magnetometers when the quantization axis is away from perpendicular due to magnetic-field perturbations.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.108.013308

Related papers

Multidimensional matter-wave beam splitters by multiphoton hyperfine Raman transitions

Xu-Dong Liu, Zongyou Chen, Weichun Huang +3 more

Multidimensional beamsplitters play crucial roles in the development of multidimensional atom interferometers and have the potential for applications in quantum information in higher dimensions. We present different configurations of multidimensional beamsplitters using both conventional two-photon Raman transitions and recently discovered four-photon Raman transitions. The differences between these configurations arise from the selection of external magnetic fields to serve as quantization axes. We explored and estimated statistical and systematic errors that may occur when multiple Raman transitions are used to construct multidimensional atom interferometers with deviated quantization axes. Our results demonstrated a tradeoff between the simplicity of axis alignment relative to the beams and the required optical power. These considerations are pertinent to the future design and optimization of multidimensional atom interferometry systems.

Physical Review A•Jan 31, 2024•3 citations

Measurement of Magnetic Fields and Field Gradients Using Raman Transitions in Arbitrary Magnetic Fields

S. A. DeSavage, Jon P. Davis, Frank A. Narducci

We have theoretically and experimentally studied Raman resonances in multi-level atoms (specifically 85Rb). By varying the relative orientation of the magnetic field with respect to the propagation direction of the Raman fields, we have changed the spectrum to consist of five, six, or eleven peaks. However, the spectrum was not always an incoherent sum of the five and six peak spectra and was not always symmetric with respect to the magnetically insensitive transition (clock transition). Using Ramsey interference, we explored decoherence and noise sources in or system. We discuss potential application to magnetometry.

Frontiers in Optics•Jan 1, 2012•0 citations

Four- and six-photon stimulated Raman transitions for coherent qubit and qudit operations

Gabriel J. Gregory, Evan R. Ritchie, Alex Quinn +4 more

Quantum computers are typically composed of an array of two-level systems, or qubits, encoded in some information carrier, such as an electron, photon, or quantized circuit. The size of this array is restricted by finite access to resources like laser power, cooling capacity, and control lines for trapping and manipulation. Under these constraints, the system's processing power can be increased by using more energy levels per information carrier, but common techniques for qubit control provide only limited connectivity between these additional states. We experimentally demonstrate transitions between electronic angular momentum states with a difference in magnetic quantum numbers $Δ\mathrm{m_J} = $ 3, 4, and 5 via resonant four- and six-photon stimulated Raman transitions in a single trapped atom. Derivation of the corresponding Rabi frequencies, which are verified experimentally, follows the standard treatment of two-photon transitions including the adiabatic elimination of intermediate states. Finally, we discuss pathways to increase the observed multi-photon transition fidelities to $>99.99\%$, providing a tool for efficient, high-fidelity control of qudits and single-atom logical qubits.

quant-pharXiv:2602.18567•Feb 24, 2026•0 citations

Fine-structure Raman interferometry with metastable barium for magnetically resilient inertial sensing

Masaki Nagamori, Hiromi Hatano, Toshiyuki Hosoya +3 more

Atom-interferometric quantum inertial sensors are promising candidates for inertial navigation systems owing to their high sensitivity and intrinsically low drift. However, their application to next-generation inertial navigation, targeting a drift below 100 m/month, requires exceptionally stringent inertial-sensor bias stability. In conventional Raman atom interferometers based on ground-state hyperfine transitions, suppressing inertial-sensor biases arising from quadratic Zeeman shifts requires highly optimized magnetic shielding. In this work, we propose a Raman atom interferometer based on fine-structure transitions between metastable states of barium, which exhibit a quadratic Zeeman sensitivity approximately three orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional alkali-atom Raman transitions. We show that the proposed scheme increases the allowable spatial gradient of the magnetic-field magnitude by a factor of several tens, thereby relaxing the magnetic-field-control requirements from highly optimized shielding and compensation systems to standard magnetic-field-control techniques. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate Mach--Zehnder interference between metastable fine-structure states of barium, validating a key building block of the proposed inertial-sensing scheme.

arXiv:2610.20168•Oct 14, 2026•0 citations

Multi-axis Accelerometry and Rotation Sensing using a Point Source Atom Interferometer

Jinyang Li, Gregório R. M. da Silva, Jason Bonacum +2 more

A point source atom interferometer (PSI) is a device where atoms are split and recombined by applying a temporal sequence of Raman pulses during the expansion of a cloud of cold atoms behaving approximately as a point source. Unlike a conventional light pulse atom interferometer, the PSI can produce a signal that corresponds to multi-axis rotation only, independent of acceleration. In addition, it can be used to measure acceleration along one direction, independent of rotation. Here, we describe a modified PSI that can be used to measure multi-axis rotation and multi-axis acceleration. Specifically, this type of PSI can be used to measure two-axes rotation around the directions perpendicular to the light pulses, as well as the acceleration in all three directions, with only one pair of Raman beams. Using two pairs of Raman beams in orthogonal directions sequentially, such a scheme would enable the realization of a complete atom interferometric inertial measurement unit.

arXiv:2203.03896•Mar 8, 2022•0 citations

Multiphoton nonlinear frequency mixing effects on the coherent electromagnetically induced absorption spectra of Rb85 atoms under a longitudinal magnetic field: Theory and experiment

Zeeshan Ali Safdar Jadoon, Heung‐Ryoul Noh, Jin‐Tae Kim

Multiphoton nonlinear frequency mixing effects on coherent electromagnetically induced absorption spectra of $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms using two orthogonal linear polarizations of strong-coupling and weak probe beams are investigated theoretically and experimentally with respect to an applied longitudinal magnetic field and coupling powers. Herein, we confirm that at least five-photon interactions in solving density matrix equations for the ${F}_{g}=3\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=4$ transition of $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms are required to explain experimentally observed coherent electromagnetically induced absorption spectra when a quantum axis is selected as the propagation direction of co-propagating coupling and probe laser beams. Distinct calculated spectral differences owing to variations in the magnetic field and coupling power between three- and five-photon interactions are confirmed. The obtained asymmetrical spectral shapes match very well with those calculated from five-photon interactions considering the off-resonant ${F}_{g}=3\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=2,3$ transitions. Genuine coherent spectral shapes are observed with a single laser combined with two acousto-optic modulators, wherein the spectral resolution is limited because of the decoherence rate between Zeeman sublevels in the ground state from transit-time relaxation.

Physical Review A•Dec 22, 2020•8 citations
The quantization axis defines the local interaction between the electromagnetic fields and the atoms. We studied both theoretically and experimentally the hyperfine Raman transition with different quantization axis and found a four-photon Raman transition which happened when the quantization axis is shifting from being parallel to perpendicular to the Raman beams' direction. It keeps the magnetic-field-insensitive feature like the two-photon Raman transition but can be used straightforwardly in multidimensional applications, like inertial sensors or even higher-dimensional quantum walk systems. In addition to inertial sensors, we also discuss the potential quantum sensing applications in magnetometers when the quantization axis is away from perpendicular due to magnetic-field perturbations.
Multidimensional beamsplitters play crucial roles in the development of multidimensional atom interferometers and have the potential for applications in quantum information in higher dimensions. We present different configurations of multidimensional beamsplitters using both conventional two-photon Raman transitions and recently discovered four-photon Raman transitions. The differences between these configurations arise from the selection of external magnetic fields to serve as quantization axes. We explored and estimated statistical and systematic errors that may occur when multiple Raman transitions are used to construct multidimensional atom interferometers with deviated quantization axes. Our results demonstrated a tradeoff between the simplicity of axis alignment relative to the beams and the required optical power. These considerations are pertinent to the future design and optimization of multidimensional atom interferometry systems.
We have theoretically and experimentally studied Raman resonances in multi-level atoms (specifically 85Rb). By varying the relative orientation of the magnetic field with respect to the propagation direction of the Raman fields, we have changed the spectrum to consist of five, six, or eleven peaks. However, the spectrum was not always an incoherent sum of the five and six peak spectra and was not always symmetric with respect to the magnetically insensitive transition (clock transition). Using Ramsey interference, we explored decoherence and noise sources in or system. We discuss potential application to magnetometry.
Quantum computers are typically composed of an array of two-level systems, or qubits, encoded in some information carrier, such as an electron, photon, or quantized circuit. The size of this array is restricted by finite access to resources like laser power, cooling capacity, and control lines for trapping and manipulation. Under these constraints, the system's processing power can be increased by using more energy levels per information carrier, but common techniques for qubit control provide only limited connectivity between these additional states. We experimentally demonstrate transitions between electronic angular momentum states with a difference in magnetic quantum numbers $Δ\mathrm{m_J} = $ 3, 4, and 5 via resonant four- and six-photon stimulated Raman transitions in a single trapped atom. Derivation of the corresponding Rabi frequencies, which are verified experimentally, follows the standard treatment of two-photon transitions including the adiabatic elimination of intermediate states. Finally, we discuss pathways to increase the observed multi-photon transition fidelities to >99.99%>99.99\%>99.99%, providing a tool for efficient, high-fidelity control of qudits and single-atom logical qubits.
Atom-interferometric quantum inertial sensors are promising candidates for inertial navigation systems owing to their high sensitivity and intrinsically low drift. However, their application to next-generation inertial navigation, targeting a drift below 100 m/month, requires exceptionally stringent inertial-sensor bias stability. In conventional Raman atom interferometers based on ground-state hyperfine transitions, suppressing inertial-sensor biases arising from quadratic Zeeman shifts requires highly optimized magnetic shielding. In this work, we propose a Raman atom interferometer based on fine-structure transitions between metastable states of barium, which exhibit a quadratic Zeeman sensitivity approximately three orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional alkali-atom Raman transitions. We show that the proposed scheme increases the allowable spatial gradient of the magnetic-field magnitude by a factor of several tens, thereby relaxing the magnetic-field-control requirements from highly optimized shielding and compensation systems to standard magnetic-field-control techniques. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate Mach--Zehnder interference between metastable fine-structure states of barium, validating a key building block of the proposed inertial-sensing scheme.
A point source atom interferometer (PSI) is a device where atoms are split and recombined by applying a temporal sequence of Raman pulses during the expansion of a cloud of cold atoms behaving approximately as a point source. Unlike a conventional light pulse atom interferometer, the PSI can produce a signal that corresponds to multi-axis rotation only, independent of acceleration. In addition, it can be used to measure acceleration along one direction, independent of rotation. Here, we describe a modified PSI that can be used to measure multi-axis rotation and multi-axis acceleration. Specifically, this type of PSI can be used to measure two-axes rotation around the directions perpendicular to the light pulses, as well as the acceleration in all three directions, with only one pair of Raman beams. Using two pairs of Raman beams in orthogonal directions sequentially, such a scheme would enable the realization of a complete atom interferometric inertial measurement unit.
Multiphoton nonlinear frequency mixing effects on coherent electromagnetically induced absorption spectra of 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb atoms using two orthogonal linear polarizations of strong-coupling and weak probe beams are investigated theoretically and experimentally with respect to an applied longitudinal magnetic field and coupling powers. Herein, we confirm that at least five-photon interactions in solving density matrix equations for the ${F}_{g}=3\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=4$ transition of 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb atoms are required to explain experimentally observed coherent electromagnetically induced absorption spectra when a quantum axis is selected as the propagation direction of co-propagating coupling and probe laser beams. Distinct calculated spectral differences owing to variations in the magnetic field and coupling power between three- and five-photon interactions are confirmed. The obtained asymmetrical spectral shapes match very well with those calculated from five-photon interactions considering the off-resonant ${F}_{g}=3\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=2,3$ transitions. Genuine coherent spectral shapes are observed with a single laser combined with two acousto-optic modulators, wherein the spectral resolution is limited because of the decoherence rate between Zeeman sublevels in the ground state from transit-time relaxation.