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International Workshop on Antenna Technology

Integration of Secure Key Generation and Data Encrypted Communication in Wireless Environment

Xuetong Chen, Xinran Huang, Liuming Zhang, Xuelin Yang

Published May 15, 2023• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Physical-layer secret key generation (SKG) provides high-level security for data encryption in wireless communications, using the shared unique channel state information between legal partners. Most of SKG schemes focused on only SKG itself, while the combination of SKG and encrypted data transmission using the generated secret keys needs to be explored. Here, we propose and demonstrate a secure wireless communication scheme, where SKG and encrypted data communication are integrated together. For SKG, the randomness originated from the input data is utilized to increase the effective key generation rate (KGR) up to 20.8Kb/s when the input data rate is 250Kb/s. Afterwards, the data is encrypted using the generated secret keys and advanced encryption standard (AES). The feasibility and robustness of the integrated system have been verified by the experimental results. Compared with the system where SKG and encrypted data communication are separated, the time required to transfer the same amount of data will be reduced by 48.04%.

DOI
10.1109/iwat57058.2023.10171784

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Physical-layer secret key generation (SKG) provides high-level security for data encryption in wireless communications, using the shared unique channel state information between legal partners. Most of SKG schemes focused on only SKG itself, while the combination of SKG and encrypted data transmission using the generated secret keys needs to be explored. Here, we propose and demonstrate a secure wireless communication scheme, where SKG and encrypted data communication are integrated together. For SKG, the randomness originated from the input data is utilized to increase the effective key generation rate (KGR) up to 20.8Kb/s when the input data rate is 250Kb/s. Afterwards, the data is encrypted using the generated secret keys and advanced encryption standard (AES). The feasibility and robustness of the integrated system have been verified by the experimental results. Compared with the system where SKG and encrypted data communication are separated, the time required to transfer the same amount of data will be reduced by 48.04%.
Although physical-layer secret key generation (SKG) techniques generally show promising performance in many wireless communication systems, they may not be applicable to satellite systems mainly because of the long coherence time. For the satellite systems, we need a technique to introduce randomness and it should be resistant to long round-trip delays. To achieve this, this paper proposes a novel SKG scheme using the information contained in the transmitted data, which can act as a random signal, instead of additionally generating random probing signals. The proposed method effectively increases secret key rates, without security risk. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed scheme enhances the data transmission efficiency while maintaining lower secret key disagreement rate.
The Secret Key Generation (SKG) scheme that exploits the reciprocity and uniqueness of wireless channel between two users plays a significant part in a new increasing distributed security system. The scheme performance can be distinguished based on the low value of Key disagreement Rate (KDR), the high value of Key Generation Rate (KGR), as well as the fulfillment of the NIST randomness standard. The previous SKG scheme has a high KDR due to a direct quantization of a measurement result of the Received Signal Strength (RSS). To overcome the above issue, we conduct a pre-processing of measurement result before quantization with the Kalman method. The pre-process is carried out to improve the channel reciprocity between two legitimate users with the objective to reduce the bit mismatch. Through an experiment, we propose a new quantization scheme called a Modified Multi-Bit (MMB) that uses a multi-bit system on every level of quantization. The test results show that the proposed combination of preprocessing and the MMB scheme has a better performance compared to the existing schemes in terms of KDR and KGR. The Secret Key generated by our scheme also fulfills the NIST randomness standard.
Physical layer security (PLS) techniques hold promise for augmenting secure communications in the 5thgeneration of mobile wireless networks. Secret key generation (SKG) is a PLS technique which exploits the wireless propagation channel's randomness to generate symmetric key bits for information encryption and decryption. This work proposes symmetric key generation based on non-uniform quantization of the received signal strength (RSS) samples of a Nakagami-mmm fading channel. The proposed strategy for non-uniform quantization for SKG aims to set quantization thresholds for maximal key randomness and high values of key generation rate (KGR) and key agreement probability (KAP). Finally, a framework is proposed to use single node RSS measurements, readily available in the literature, to generate RSS samples at the other link end. This framework facilitates the testing of new SKG algorithms that require simultaneous RSS measurements by the legitimate nodes, which are not readily available in the open literature. The effectiveness of the proposed SKG scheme is validated through Monte Carlo methods and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) test suite for assessing the randomness of the generated key sequence.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of wireless communication, securing transmitted information remains a critical challenge. This study provides a comprehensive review of secret key generation (SKG) techniques designed to secure physical layer wireless communication channels. We focus on key generation methods that exploit physical layer characteristics such as channel state information, received signal strength, and bit error rate. The computational complexity of these techniques is also examined, emphasizing the trade-offs between security and efficiency for real-world implementations. The review identifies open challenges such as developing low-cost, resource-efficient systems, managing artificial noise, and addressing the impact of mobility and multiuser massive MIMO systems on SKG rates. Our findings aim to guide the development of more efficient, scalable SKG methods for next-generation wireless networks. Additionally, we propose a method for securely generating identical secret keys between nodes using Cuckoo filters and a Map-Reduce model for frame hashing, ensuring long-term security in IoT environments.
Over the last decade, physical layer secret key generation (PHY-SKG) techniques that exploit reciprocity of wireless channels have attracted considerable interest among researchers in the field of wireless communication. Compared to traditional cryptographic methods, PHY-SKG techniques offer the following advantages: a computationally bounded adversary does not need to be assumed; PHY-SKG avoids the requirement of key management, and secret keys can be dynamically replenished. Additionally, PHY-SKG can enhance existing security schemes because it operates independently of higher layer security schemes. However, a key drawback of PHY-SKG is low secret key generation rate (SKGR), a critical performance metric. Therefore, the role of advanced network technologies (e.g., multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and cooperative MIMO) must be explored to enhance SKGR. This paper describes how MIMO and cooperative MIMO techniques can enhance SKGR.
The rapid technological advancements in wireless networks have resulted in tremendous increase in the number of connected user and machine-type wireless devices. Physical Layer Security (PLS) has a strong potential for providing security to wireless links in massively connected future wireless networks. The key-based PLS methods aim at generating secret key bits for data encryption/decryption at the legitimate communication nodes by exploiting the randomness inherent in wireless channels. This work proposes a novel secret key-bits extraction algorithm named Moving-Window Wrapped-Envelope Secret Key Generation (MWWE-SKG). The proposed algorithm uses first-order statistics from a sliding temporal window of channel samples to select the channel quantization interval for each window from circularly wrapped channel envelope samples. The differences in hardware noise conditions at the legitimate nodes lead to differences in the measurement of ideally reciprocal channels, which further leads to a mismatch in the generated secret key bits, whereas the channel statistics of the same links are more likely to remain unchanged for a reasonably large length of time window over the channel samples. An extensive analysis on the performance of the proposed algorithm is conducted, where the proposed algorithm is observed to provide a promising trade-off between the critical SKG performance metrics namely the Key Generation Rate (KGR), Bit Mismatch Probability (BMP), and the Key Randomness Property (KRP). Furthermore, a comparative performance analysis of the proposed algorithm with other notable techniques is also conducted to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm.