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Lecture notes in networks and systems

Quantum Key Distribution for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network: A Preliminary Survey of the State-of-the-Art

Pooja Ashok Shelar, Parikshit Narendra Mahalle, Gitanjali R. Shinde

Published Jan 1, 2023• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-981-99-1909-3_32

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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) face persistent challenges such as high attenuation, limited bandwidth, and environmental interference, which constrain their reliability and performance. This survey investigates the potential of quantum sensing technologies to overcome these limitations. We systematically review and analyze quantum-enhanced detection methods, entanglement-based communication protocols, and quantum magnetometry for underwater applications. Our study highlights how quantum techniques can conceptually improve signal detection, extend communication range, and enhance positioning accuracy. By comparing existing surveys, identifying key research gaps, and outlining a roadmap for practical implementation, this work provides a comprehensive perspective on advancing UWSNs through quantum technologies.
The research aims to develop an attack-free underwater optical communication channel at a distance of 50 meters. In this work, we have emphasized the importance of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in Naval and many other applications. An in-detail study of the Benette Brassard QKD protocol proposed in 1984 [BB84] is done with its implementation. Then as the next step, we analyzed the drawbacks of BB84 and the necessity of QKD in Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks [UO-WSN]. As a solution, to identified problems, we have proposed the Enhanced BB84 protocol (EBB84) with considerations of its usage in the UO-WSN. The results showed that the EBB84 algorithm is best suitable algorithm for the underwater environment.
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) function as essential systems which support naval defence operations, environmental monitoring, offshore industrial work and sea-depth exploration activities. These networks experience major performance problems along with security-related issues. The communication distance of acoustic links extends far, but their data transfer speed remains slow, while they experience high latency and get disrupted by noise, multipath fading and interference. The dual nature of underwater communication systems creates a permanent conflict between achieving fast data transfer rates and extending network coverage. The current technical barriers in UWSNs become more challenging because standard encryption methods fail to protect against quantum computer attacks; which enable eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks. The Quantum-Assisted Keying-Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (QuAKey-UWSN) system uses Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) with adaptive acoustic-optical communication to create a new hybrid framework that addresses current network limitations. QKD is used to develop unbreakable encryption through physical laws, which detect bugging, overhearing, secret spying attacks, while the versatile fusion planner chooses between acoustic and optical channels for instant quantum key distribution and passing data exchange, depending on the acoustic channels for long range communication. The system uses MATLAB, NS-3 and Qiskit for simulation testing to demonstrate its operational success. The system produces secure keys at more than 3.5 kbps while maintaining 99% packet delivery ratio and 10.5 ms average latency. In this analysis QuAKey-UWSN has shown effective performance with strong robustness and wide-ranging capabilities, making it suitable for underwater operations that require dependable and secure communication systems.