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Internet of Things

Quantum cryptography as a solution for secure Wireless Sensor Networks: Roadmap, challenges and solutions

Diksha Chawla, Khushboo Jain, Pawan Singh Mehra, Ashok Kumar Das, Basudeb Bera

Published Apr 23, 2025• 14 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.iot.2025.101610

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Data aggregation has been one of the most widely researched topics for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) as it helps in increasing the effective life time of the network and reduces the packet transmission overhead. Besides other challenges, security is one of the serious challenges during data aggregation. Numerous solutions on security for data aggregation for WSN are based on homomorphic encryption technique or Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) based solutions and thus are vulnerable to attacks by quantum machines. This paper presents a post-quantum security solution using lattice cryptography. The proposed solution is applying Learning with Errors over Rings (R-LWE) for encryption of data in the data aggregation process at the gateway module of WSN. Security analysis shows that the proposed scheme provides confidentiality, integrity and authenticity during communication. Performance analysis shows that the proposed scheme is lightweight and shows better performance compared to Elliptic Curve Elgamal (ECEG) cryptography based scheme and symmetric homomorphic based scheme.
In this chapter, we assess the security considerations associated with integrating wireless sensor networks (WSNs) into the Internet of Things (IoT). Our main concern stems from new potential threats to the current security solutions employed in these applications. Particularly, the potential construction of a large-scale quantum computer in the upcoming decade could enable attackers to compromise some widely used public-key cryptography (PKC) algorithms: RSA, DSA, Diffie–Hellman, ECDH, and ECDSA. In order to counteract this threat, multiple organizations led by the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology have launched a standardization process seeking PKC algorithms that can resist quantum-enabled attacks. Hence, it can be expected that IoT standards will consequently be updated to adapt for this new threat scenario. However, it is unclear whether these solutions can be adopted by WSN devices, given the processing, memory, power, and bandwidth constraints of this technology. In our work, we study multiple foreseeable outcomes as a result of this shift in security concerns and identify the different challenges and opportunities for each case.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are quiet dynamic technology made up of discrete multi-function sensor nodes that interconnect wireless for short distances. WSNs have distinct traits as well as limitations that impede the development of efficient attack detection and prevention methods. Security in WSN is a more difficult task because of the processing limits of sensor nodes as well as the nature of wireless communications. The widespread WSNs usage has given development to several forms of threats. To guard against threats, appropriate security measures must be implemented. Cryptography, specifically encryption, plays a pivotal role in protecting data from unauthorized access. However, not all encryption methods are equally effective, as some exhibit vulnerabilities. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is the most efficient option because of its reduced key size. Comprehensive safety despite lower key sizes leads to area as well as power efficient crypto systems. With recent technological advancements, traditional encryption no longer appears to be a safe solution for security and privacy of data. Quantum cryptography uses quantum physics processes to provide safe data transmission among sender and recipient. However, quantum cryptography comprises a revolution over network security field. Therefore, this research focuses on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) with ECC for effective authentication, key management and energy conservation. Thus, the proposed QKD-ECC method is implemented and evaluated with traditional ECC and other cryptography method for better WSN security and privacy of data transmission.