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Nanophotonics

Quantum‐enhanced interferometer using Kerr squeezing

Nikolay A. Kalinin, Thomas Dirmeier, Arseny A. Sorokin, Elena A. Anashkina, Luis Lorenzo Sánchez-Soto, Joel Frederick Corney, Gerd Leuchs, Alexey V. Andrianov

Published Apr 6, 2023• 28 citations
Publisher

Abstract

One of the prime applications of squeezed light is enhancing the sensitivity of an interferometer below the quantum shot-noise limit, but so far, no such experimental demonstration was reported when using the optical Kerr effect. In prior setups involving Kerr-squeezed light, the role of the interferometer was merely to characterize the noise pattern. The lack of such a demonstration was largely due to the cumbersome tilting of the squeezed ellipse in phase space. Here, we present the first experimental observation of phase-sensitivity enhancement in an interferometer using Kerr squeezing.

DOI
10.1515/nanoph-2023-0032

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One of the prime applications of squeezed light is enhancing the sensitivity of an interferometer below the quantum shot-noise limit, but so far, no such experimental demonstration was reported when using the optical Kerr effect. In prior setups involving Kerr-squeezed light, the role of the interferometer was merely to characterize the noise pattern. The lack of such a demonstration was largely due to the cumbersome tilting of the squeezed ellipse in phase space. Here, we present the first experimental observation of phase-sensitivity enhancement in an interferometer using Kerr squeezing.
One of the most promising applications for squeezed light is interferometry beyond the shot-noise limit (SNL). To date, only squeezed light generated by parametric down-conversion has been used to improve interferometer sensitivity. Remarkable results have been achieved with this approach, including applications to large-scale gravitational wave detectors. On the other hand, there exists a potentially more robust way to generate squeezed light, that is, using the optical Kerr effect. It occurs almost for free in optical fibers and requires no phase matching. However, no interferometer sensitivity enhancement has been demonstrated so far using this method. One of the reasons for that is that the uncertainty distribution of a Kerr-squeezed state in phase space is tilted with respect to the amplitude or phase quadratures. Additional obstacles include Raman and guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in fibers.
An experimental study of enhancement of interferometric sensitivity using squeezed vacuum fluctuations is described. By operating an interferometer at the dark fringe, large laser powers can be used for high sensitivity. It is possible to enhance the interferometric sensitivity beyond the shot-noise limit in the dark fringe arrangement by using an electrooptic modulator in the interferometer to vary the phase periodically away from the dark fringe. A detector at the dark output port can then operate at the shot-noise limit and detect phase imbalance at the sensitivity determined by power level at the bright output port.1 This shot-noise limit can be reduced further by illuminating the dark input port with squeezed vacuum, as demonstrated recently in balanced output port experiments.2,3 However, there are interesting limits to the sensitivity improvement expected in the dark fringe case.1 The experimental arrangement includes a polarization interferometer illuminated with 100 mW of 1.064-μm wavelength light from a Nd:YAG cw laser. Squeezed vacuum is generated by a KTP optical parametric amplifier. Experimental progress is reported at sensitivities in the nanoradian polarization rotation range.
The injection of squeezed light can be used to improve the sensitivity of an interferometer beyond the limit imposed by the zero-point fluctuation of the electromagnetic field. Here, we report on the realization of such a quantum-enhanced interferometer with a fiber-based Sagnac topology. Continuous wave squeezed states at 1550 nm with a noise reduction of 6.4 dB below shot noise were produced by type I optical parametric amplification and subsequently injected into the dark port of the interferometer. A reduction of the interferometer shot noise by 4.5 dB was observed, and the enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio for a phase modulation signal generated within the interferometer could be demonstrated. We achieved a 95% fiber transmission for the squeezed states, which suggests that corresponding fiber-based quantum metrology and communication systems are feasible.
High precision interferometers are the building blocks of precision metrology and the ultimate interferometric sensitivity is limited by the quantum noise. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a compact quantum interferometer involving two optical parametric amplifiers and the squeezed states generated within the interferometer are directly used for the phase-sensing quantum state. By both squeezing shot noise and amplifying phase-sensing intensity the sensitivity improvement of 4.86±0.24 dB beyond the standard quantum limit is deterministically realized and a minimum detectable phase smaller than that of all present interferometers under the same phase-sensing intensity is achieved. This interferometric system has significantly potential applications in a variety of measurements for tiny variances of physical quantities.