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Physical Review A

Demonstration of the charging progress of quantum batteries

Xiaojian Huang, Kunkun Wang, Lei Xiao, Lei Gao, Hai‐Qing Lin, Peng Xue

Published Mar 20, 2023• 34 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The authors employ single photons and linear optics to simulate a two-qubit quantum battery and investigate the relationship between the performance of quantum batteries and the amount of entanglement and coherence that arise during the charging process. The results show that entanglement is not always the most important resource to boost charging, while coherence plays a nontrivial role.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.107.l030201

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The authors employ single photons and linear optics to simulate a two-qubit quantum battery and investigate the relationship between the performance of quantum batteries and the amount of entanglement and coherence that arise during the charging process. The results show that entanglement is not always the most important resource to boost charging, while coherence plays a nontrivial role.
Quantum devices are systems that can explore quantum phenomena, such as entanglement or coherence, for example, to provide some enhancement performance concerning their classical counterparts. In particular, quantum batteries are devices that use entanglement as the main element in their high performance in powerful charging. In this paper, we explore quantum battery performance and its relationship with the amount of entanglement that arises during the charging process. By using a general approach to a two- and three-cell battery, our results suggest that entanglement is not the main resource in quantum batteries, where there is a nontrivial correlation-coherence tradeoff as a resource for the high efficiency of such quantum devices.
We discuss how to enhance the charging performance of quantum battery via two entangled auxiliary qubits. The results demonstrate that the quantum battery achieves optimal charging performance when the two auxiliary qubits are in the initial state of maximum entanglement. On this basis, we further discuss the impacts of dissipation and driving strength of the classical field on the charging performance of the quantum battery. It is shown that the quantum battery exhibits higher energy when the dissipation is low. Weak driving strength plays a regulatory role in the energy storage of the quantum battery. Additionally, we compare the performance differences of the quantum battery when the two entangled auxiliary qubits are in different initial states. Our research findings reveal the advantages of entangled auxiliary qubits in enhancing the charging performance of the quantum battery.
Quantum batteries, consisting of quantum cells, are anticipated to surpass their classical counterparts in performance because of the presence of quantum correlations. A recent theoretical study has introduced quantum battery capacity, which is defined according to the highest and the lowest energy during the charging and discharging procedures. Here, we present an experimental verification of quantum battery capacity and its relationships with other quantum characteristics of batteries using two-photon states. This reveals a distinguished feature of quantum battery capacity and its trade-off relationship with the entropy of the battery state, as well as with measures of coherence and entanglement.
We investigate the connection between quantum resources and extractable work in quantum batteries. We demonstrate that quantum coherence in the battery or the battery-charger entanglement is a necessary resource for generating nonzero extractable work during the charging process. At the end of the charging process, we also establish a tight link of coherence and entanglement with the final extractable work: coherence naturally promotes the coherent work while coherence and entanglement inhibit the incoherent work. We also show that obtaining maximally coherent work is faster than obtaining maximally incoherent work. Examples ranging from the central-spin battery and the Tavis-Cummings battery to the spin-chain battery are given to illustrate these results.
Abstract The advantage of quantum batteries is that quantum resources can be utilized to enhance charging efficiency. The known available quantum resources are quantum entanglement and quantum coherence. In this study, quantum steering is introduced as a new quantum resource into batteries for the first time. By considering two models, namely the Field‐quantum battery and the Cavity–Heisenberg quantum battery, the relationship is analyzed among quantum steering, quantum entanglement, energy storage, and extractable work. It is found that within the steerable range, the quantum steering of different qubits has a maximum or minimum value, which corresponds to the energy storage of the battery. Moreover, this maximum or minimum value of quantum steering also corresponds to the maximum value of the extractable work. The minimum of quantum entanglement always coincides with the maximum of parameters like energy storage. Ultimately, the reasons for these results are analyzed by analyzing the purity of the system and discover a relatively general conclusion: when the purity is at its maximum, important parameters such as the energy storage of the battery are also at their maximum.
We consider a collection of two level systems, such as qubits, embedded into a microwave cavity as a promising candidate for the realization of high power quantum batteries. In this perspective, the possibility to design devices where the conventional single-photon coupling is suppressed and the dominant interaction is mediated by two-photon processes is investigated, opening the way to an even further enhancement of the charging performance. By solving a Dicke model with both single- and two-photon coupling we determine the range of parameters where the latter unconventional interaction dominates the dynamics of the system leading to better performances both in the charging times and average charging power of the QB compared to the single-photon case. In addition, the scaling of the maximum stored energy, fluctuations and charging power with the finite number of qubits NNN is inspected. While the energy and fluctuations scale linearly with NNN, the quadratic growth of the average power leads to a relevant improvement of the charging performance of quantum batteries based on this scheme with respect to the purely single-photon coupling case. Moreover, it is shown that the charging process is progressively faster by increasing the coupling from the weak to the ultra-strong regime.