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arXiv:2412.18739 · Cell Reports Physical Science

Experimental verification of quantum battery capacity with an optical platform

Xue Yang, Yanhan Yang, Xin-Zhu Liu, Junli Jiang, Xing-Zhou Zheng, Shao-Ming Fei, Ming-Xing Luo

Published Nov 22, 2024• 13 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum batteries, consisting of quantum cells, are anticipated to surpass their classical counterparts in performance because of the presence of quantum correlations. A recent theoretical study has introduced quantum battery capacity, which is defined according to the highest and the lowest energy during the charging and discharging procedures. Here, we present an experimental verification of quantum battery capacity and its relationships with other quantum characteristics of batteries using two-photon states. This reveals a distinguished feature of quantum battery capacity and its trade-off relationship with the entropy of the battery state, as well as with measures of coherence and entanglement.

DOI
10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102300

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Quantum batteries, consisting of quantum cells, are anticipated to surpass their classical counterparts in performance because of the presence of quantum correlations. A recent theoretical study has introduced quantum battery capacity, which is defined according to the highest and the lowest energy during the charging and discharging procedures. Here, we present an experimental verification of quantum battery capacity and its relationships with other quantum characteristics of batteries using two-photon states. This reveals a distinguished feature of quantum battery capacity and its trade-off relationship with the entropy of the battery state, as well as with measures of coherence and entanglement.
Quantum devices are systems that can explore quantum phenomena, such as entanglement or coherence, for example, to provide some enhancement performance concerning their classical counterparts. In particular, quantum batteries are devices that use entanglement as the main element in their high performance in powerful charging. In this paper, we explore quantum battery performance and its relationship with the amount of entanglement that arises during the charging process. By using a general approach to a two- and three-cell battery, our results suggest that entanglement is not the main resource in quantum batteries, where there is a nontrivial correlation-coherence tradeoff as a resource for the high efficiency of such quantum devices.
The quantum battery capacity is introduced in this Letter as a figure of merit that expresses the potential of a quantum system to store and supply energy. It is defined as the difference between the highest and the lowest energy that can be reached by means of the unitary evolution of the system. This function is closely connected to the ergotropy, but it does not depend on the temporary level of energy of the system. The capacity of a quantum battery can be directly linked with the entropy of the battery state, as well as with measures of coherence and entanglement.
We investigate the relationship between quantum battery capacity and quantum resources in a two-qubit system consisting of mutually coupled battery and charger subsystems. We find that the battery capacity decreases monotonically with the quantum entanglement, steering, Bell nonlocality and coherence, and peaks when these four quantum resources vanish. Moreover, we reveal the capacity gap between the total system capacity and the sum of the battery and charger spin capacities, which is the residual battery capacity, and establish its positive correlation with entanglement. Furthermore, unlike the first four resources, although the battery capacity decreases monotonically with quantum imaginarity, its disappearance under system detuning does not guarantee a peak capacity, and this effect becomes more pronounced as the detuning increases. In contrast to the first five resources, the quantum state texture shows a positive correlation with battery capacity, but a negative correlation with entanglement, steering, Bell nonlocality, coherence, imaginarity, and residual battery capacity. These monotonic relationships are independent of the choice of system parameters. Our findings reveal the relationship between quantum battery capacity and quantum resources during the dynamic evolution of a quantum battery system, and advances the theory of quantum batteries and the development of quantum energy storage systems.
Energy can be stored in quantum batteries by electromagnetic fields as chargers. In this paper, the performance of a quantum battery with single and double chargers is studied. It is shown that by using two independent charging fields, prepared in coherent states, the charging power of the quantum battery can be significantly improved, though the average number of embedded photons are kept the same in both scenarios. The results reveal that for the case of initially correlated states of the chargers, the amount of extractable energy, measured by ergotropy, is more than initially uncorrelated ones, with appropriate degrees of field intensity. Though the correlated chargers lead to greater reduction in the purity of the quantum battery, more energy and in turn more ergotropy are stored in this case. In addition, we study the battery-charger mutual information and von Neumann entropy and by using their relation we find that both quantum and classical correlations are generated between the quantum battery and chargers. We also study quantum consonance of the battery as the nonlocal coherence among its cells and find some qualitative relations between the generation of such correlations and the capability of energy storage in the quantum battery.
Quantum battery, as a novel energy storage device, offers the potential for unprecedented efficiency and performance beyond the capabilities of classical systems, with broad implications for future quantum technologies. Here, we experimentally \RefC{demonstrate quantum charging advantage (QCA)} in a scalable solid-state quantum battery. More specifically, we show how double-excitation Hamiltonians for two-level systems promote scalable QCA \RefB{with standard methods.} We effectively implement the collective evolution of quantum systems with 2 up to 12 battery cells in a superconducting quantum processor, and study the performance of quantum charging compared to its uncorrelated classical counterpart. The model considered is a linear chain of superconducting transmon qubits with only \textit{nearest-neighbor} and \textit{pairwise} interactions, which constitute the simplest model of a multi-cell quantum battery. Our results empirically realize substantial QCA without the necessity of adopting long-range and many-body interactions \RefB{ and showcase the quantum features of the QB charging processes with measurements of non-zero coherent ergotropy, incoherent ergotropy and entanglement,} revealing a promising prospect for further developments of efficient and experimentally feasible protocols for QCA.