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Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology II

A table-top optical interferometer with shot-noise sensitivity enhanced by optomechanical phase-insensitive quantum filtering

Artemiy V. Dmitriev, Haixing Miao, J. Smetana, Д. В. Мартынов

Published Mar 8, 2023• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a new scheme to enhance the quantum-limited bandwidth-sensitivity product of table-top position-sensitive interferometers. It is based on a recently proposed stable optomechanical PT-symmetric sensitivity enhancement technique. We extend this technique to tabletop-scaled systems by using the membrane-in-the-middle approach. We show that the sensitivity can be enhanced in a wide frequency range by using a silicon nitride membrane as the optomechanical component. We discuss the main experimental challenges, present the results of our experimental work on a proof-of-principle room-temperature demonstration of the effect and stability, and discuss the future upgrade of our setup for a fully quantum demonstration.

DOI
10.1117/12.2650385

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Enhancing the sensitivity of interferometers with stable phase-insensitive quantum filters

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We present a new quantum control strategy for increasing the shot-noise-limited sensitivity of optical interferometers. The strategy utilizes active phase-insensitive quantum filtering of the signal inside the interferometer and does not rely on optical squeezing. On the example of the coupled-cavity resonators, employed in the gravitational-wave detectors, we show that fully causal and stable phase-insensitive filters can improve the interferometer sensitivity by more than an order of magnitude. The role of the phase-insensitive component in such systems is to provide frequency-dependent compensation for the unwanted dispersion introduced by the position-sensing optical cavity. The system's stability is achieved by limiting the frequency band of this compensation. We demonstrate that stable optomechanical Parity-time-symmetric (PT-symmetric) filters comprise a special subclass of such phase-insensitive devices and find entirely new solutions which overcome the sensitivity of PT-symmetric filters. This scheme is robust against optical loss at the output of the detectors and in the cavities.

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The sensitivity of laser interferometers is fundamentally limited by the quantum nature of light. Recent theoretical studies have opened a new avenue to enhance their quantum-limited sensitivity by using active parity-time-symmetric and phase-insensitive quantum amplification. These systems can enhance the signal response without introducing excess noise in the ideal case. However, such active systems must be causal, stable, and carefully tuned to be practical and applicable to precision measurements. In this paper, we show that phase-insensitive amplification in laser interferometers can be implemented in a tabletop experiment. The layout consists of two coupled cavities and an active medium comprised of a silicon nitride membrane and an auxiliary pump field. Our design relies on existing membrane and cryogenic technology and can demonstrate three distinct features: (i) the self-stabilized dynamics of the optical system, (ii) quantum enhancement of its sensitivity in the presence of the amplifier, and (iii) optical control of the amplifier gain. These features are needed to enhance the sensitivity of future interferometric gravitational-wave and axion detectors.

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Quantum shot noise (QSN) and quantum back action (QBA) set the Standard Quantum Limit (SQL) for interferometric displacement measurements. We target broadband sub-SQL sensitivity using a cryogenic nanogram-scale SiN membrane in a fiber-based membrane-at-the-edge cavity[1]. Our approach employs bright squeezed light with a frequency-dependent angle to simultaneously suppress QSN off-resonance and QBA at resonance. We have implemented a filter cavity providing the required phase rotation and demonstrate 2 dB of detected bright squeezing. In parallel, we developed a fully fiber-integrated high-finesse cavity with coated fiber facets, compatible with cryogenic operation and homodyne readout. These results mark key progress toward broadband quantum-enhanced sensing beyond the SQL.

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Sensitivity Enhancement of Optomechanical Measurements using Squeezed Light

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The quantum mechanical description of electromagnetic fields predicts fluctuations in their amplitude and phase quadrature, that underlay Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. When reflected by an object, the fields induce a radiation pressure force. The amplitude uncertainty causes fluctuations of this force, resulting in quantum radiation pressure noise. The standard quantum limit sets a lower bound for the sum of radiation pressure noise and shot noise, that will dominate the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors. In optomechanics the radiation pressure noise is investigated. One fundamental goal is to undercut the standard quantum limit by applying squeezed states, that have a reduced variance in one quadrature and an amplified variance in the orthogonal. A shot noise reduction of 2.2 dB in an optomechanical table top experiment can be found in the literature. In this work squeezed states were produced in a nonlinear crystal via degenerate parametric down-conversion. 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After calibrating the measured spectra with the theoretical shot noise, the quality factors of the membrane Q_293=2.7*10^5 and Q_100=1,5*10^6 at 293K and 100K could be determined from the resulting displacement spectral density. By injecting externally produced squeezed states, the quantum shot noise in the presented experiment was reduced by (3.1+-0.2) dB, which corresponds to a factor of sqrt(2) in the linear displacement spectral density. For a radiation-pressure-noise limited sensitivity, the demonstrated application of squeezed states could allow to overcome the standard quantum limit in the future. Aus der quantenmechanischen Beschreibung elektromagnetischer Felder folgen Fluktuationen in deren Amplituden- und Phasenquadratur, die der Heisenbergsche Unscharferelation unterliegen. Wenn die Felder von einem Objekt reflektiert werden, erzeugen sie eine Strahlungsdruckkraft. Die Fluktuationen dieser Kraft aufgrund der Amplitudenunscharfe verursachen das Quanten-Strahlungsdruckrauschen. Das Standardquantenlimit ist der Minimalwert fur die Summe aus Strahlungsdruckrauschen und Schrotrauschen, der in Zukunft die Sensitivitat von Gravitationswellendetektoren limitieren wird. In der Optomechanik wird das Strahlungsdruckrauschen erforscht. Ein fundamentales Ziel ist das Uberwinden des Standardquantenlimits durch die Anwendung gequetschter Zustande, deren Varianz in einer Quadratur vermindert aber in der orthogonalen erhoht ist. In der Literatur findet man eine Schrotrauschreduktion von 2.2 dB in einem optomechanischem Tischaufbau. In dieser Arbeit wurden gequetschte Zustande mithilfe der parametrischen Abkonversion in einem nichtlinearen Kristall generiert. Bei einer Seitenbandfrequenz von 400 kHz wurde ein Quetschfaktor von (8.7+-0.2) dB gemessen. In einem ersten Experiment mit dem Aufbau wurde demonstriert, wie intern produzierte gequetschte Zustande die Sensitivitat einer interferometrischen Messung verbessern konnen. Ein Anstieg des Sensitivitat-Bandbreite-Produkts von 36% wurde fur ein kunstlich generiertes Signal experimentell beobachtet. Es wird weiterhin ein kryogenes optomechanisches Experiment mit einer Siliziumnitrid-Membran als mechanischer Oszillator prasentiert. Die Topologie des Michelson-Sagnac-Interferometers wurde gewahlt um trotz ihrer geringen Reflektivitat ein Michelson-Interferometer mit der Membran als Endspiegel zu realisieren. Fur Temperaturen bis minimal 100K konnte ein Kontrast der Moden im Ausgang von 99.7% erreicht werden. Das Signal im dunklen Ausgang ermoglichte eine Messung mit einer vom Schrotrauschen limitierten Sensitivitat fur eine Eingangsleistung von 50 muW. 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•Oct 23, 2019•0 citations

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One of the prime applications of squeezed light is enhancing the sensitivity of an interferometer below the quantum shot-noise limit, but so far, no such experimental demonstration was reported when using the optical Kerr effect. In prior setups involving Kerr-squeezed light, the role of the interferometer was merely to characterize the noise pattern. The lack of such a demonstration was largely due to the cumbersome tilting of the squeezed ellipse in phase space. Here, we present the first experimental observation of phase-sensitivity enhancement in an interferometer using Kerr squeezing.

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Xinrui Wei, Jiteng Sheng, Yuelong Wu +2 more

We report an experimental demonstration of quantum-enhanced displacement measurement of a membrane in an optical cavity by using bright quantum correlated light to surpass the shot-noise limit (SNL). The optical cavity enhances the displacement signal and the twin beams suppress the noise background 3 dB below the SNL at an equivalent optical power. Thus, the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved by simultaneously using optical cavities and twin beams, and a sensitivity of 200 am/Hz is achieved. The frequency fluctuations of twin beams are analyzed and reduced by using optical twin cavities. These results provide a useful method for precision measurements as well as to control cavity optomechanical systems with nonclassical light.

arXiv:1902.04288•Applied Physics Letters•Dec 16, 2019•9 citations
We present a new scheme to enhance the quantum-limited bandwidth-sensitivity product of table-top position-sensitive interferometers. It is based on a recently proposed stable optomechanical PT-symmetric sensitivity enhancement technique. We extend this technique to tabletop-scaled systems by using the membrane-in-the-middle approach. We show that the sensitivity can be enhanced in a wide frequency range by using a silicon nitride membrane as the optomechanical component. We discuss the main experimental challenges, present the results of our experimental work on a proof-of-principle room-temperature demonstration of the effect and stability, and discuss the future upgrade of our setup for a fully quantum demonstration.
We present a new quantum control strategy for increasing the shot-noise-limited sensitivity of optical interferometers. The strategy utilizes active phase-insensitive quantum filtering of the signal inside the interferometer and does not rely on optical squeezing. On the example of the coupled-cavity resonators, employed in the gravitational-wave detectors, we show that fully causal and stable phase-insensitive filters can improve the interferometer sensitivity by more than an order of magnitude. The role of the phase-insensitive component in such systems is to provide frequency-dependent compensation for the unwanted dispersion introduced by the position-sensing optical cavity. The system's stability is achieved by limiting the frequency band of this compensation. We demonstrate that stable optomechanical Parity-time-symmetric (PT-symmetric) filters comprise a special subclass of such phase-insensitive devices and find entirely new solutions which overcome the sensitivity of PT-symmetric filters. This scheme is robust against optical loss at the output of the detectors and in the cavities.
The sensitivity of laser interferometers is fundamentally limited by the quantum nature of light. Recent theoretical studies have opened a new avenue to enhance their quantum-limited sensitivity by using active parity-time-symmetric and phase-insensitive quantum amplification. These systems can enhance the signal response without introducing excess noise in the ideal case. However, such active systems must be causal, stable, and carefully tuned to be practical and applicable to precision measurements. In this paper, we show that phase-insensitive amplification in laser interferometers can be implemented in a tabletop experiment. The layout consists of two coupled cavities and an active medium comprised of a silicon nitride membrane and an auxiliary pump field. Our design relies on existing membrane and cryogenic technology and can demonstrate three distinct features: (i) the self-stabilized dynamics of the optical system, (ii) quantum enhancement of its sensitivity in the presence of the amplifier, and (iii) optical control of the amplifier gain. These features are needed to enhance the sensitivity of future interferometric gravitational-wave and axion detectors.
Quantum shot noise (QSN) and quantum back action (QBA) set the Standard Quantum Limit (SQL) for interferometric displacement measurements. We target broadband sub-SQL sensitivity using a cryogenic nanogram-scale SiN membrane in a fiber-based membrane-at-the-edge cavity[1]. Our approach employs bright squeezed light with a frequency-dependent angle to simultaneously suppress QSN off-resonance and QBA at resonance. We have implemented a filter cavity providing the required phase rotation and demonstrate 2 dB of detected bright squeezing. In parallel, we developed a fully fiber-integrated high-finesse cavity with coated fiber facets, compatible with cryogenic operation and homodyne readout. These results mark key progress toward broadband quantum-enhanced sensing beyond the SQL.
The quantum mechanical description of electromagnetic fields predicts fluctuations in their amplitude and phase quadrature, that underlay Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. When reflected by an object, the fields induce a radiation pressure force. The amplitude uncertainty causes fluctuations of this force, resulting in quantum radiation pressure noise. The standard quantum limit sets a lower bound for the sum of radiation pressure noise and shot noise, that will dominate the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors. In optomechanics the radiation pressure noise is investigated. One fundamental goal is to undercut the standard quantum limit by applying squeezed states, that have a reduced variance in one quadrature and an amplified variance in the orthogonal. A shot noise reduction of 2.2 dB in an optomechanical table top experiment can be found in the literature. In this work squeezed states were produced in a nonlinear crystal via degenerate parametric down-conversion. At a sideband frequency of 400 kHz a squeeze factor of (8.7+/-0.2) dB was measured. In a first experiment the setup was used to demonstrate how internal squeezing can improve the sensitivity of an interferometric measurement. An increase of the sensitivity-bandwidth product of 36% was experimentally observed for an artificially generated signal. This thesis further presents a cryogenic optomechanical experiment with a silicon nitride membrane as mechanical oscillator. The topology of a Michelson-Sagnac interferometer was chosen to realize a Michelson interferometer with the membrane as end mirror despite its low reflectivity. A contrast of the outcoming modes of 99.7% was reached for temperatures down to 100 K. The signal at the dark fringe allowed a measurement with a shot-noise limited sensitivity for an input power of 50 muW. After calibrating the measured spectra with the theoretical shot noise, the quality factors of the membrane Q_293=2.7*10^5 and Q_100=1,5*10^6 at 293K and 100K could be determined from the resulting displacement spectral density. By injecting externally produced squeezed states, the quantum shot noise in the presented experiment was reduced by (3.1+-0.2) dB, which corresponds to a factor of sqrt(2) in the linear displacement spectral density. For a radiation-pressure-noise limited sensitivity, the demonstrated application of squeezed states could allow to overcome the standard quantum limit in the future. Aus der quantenmechanischen Beschreibung elektromagnetischer Felder folgen Fluktuationen in deren Amplituden- und Phasenquadratur, die der Heisenbergsche Unscharferelation unterliegen. Wenn die Felder von einem Objekt reflektiert werden, erzeugen sie eine Strahlungsdruckkraft. Die Fluktuationen dieser Kraft aufgrund der Amplitudenunscharfe verursachen das Quanten-Strahlungsdruckrauschen. Das Standardquantenlimit ist der Minimalwert fur die Summe aus Strahlungsdruckrauschen und Schrotrauschen, der in Zukunft die Sensitivitat von Gravitationswellendetektoren limitieren wird. In der Optomechanik wird das Strahlungsdruckrauschen erforscht. Ein fundamentales Ziel ist das Uberwinden des Standardquantenlimits durch die Anwendung gequetschter Zustande, deren Varianz in einer Quadratur vermindert aber in der orthogonalen erhoht ist. In der Literatur findet man eine Schrotrauschreduktion von 2.2 dB in einem optomechanischem Tischaufbau. In dieser Arbeit wurden gequetschte Zustande mithilfe der parametrischen Abkonversion in einem nichtlinearen Kristall generiert. Bei einer Seitenbandfrequenz von 400 kHz wurde ein Quetschfaktor von (8.7+-0.2) dB gemessen. In einem ersten Experiment mit dem Aufbau wurde demonstriert, wie intern produzierte gequetschte Zustande die Sensitivitat einer interferometrischen Messung verbessern konnen. Ein Anstieg des Sensitivitat-Bandbreite-Produkts von 36% wurde fur ein kunstlich generiertes Signal experimentell beobachtet. Es wird weiterhin ein kryogenes optomechanisches Experiment mit einer Siliziumnitrid-Membran als mechanischer Oszillator prasentiert. Die Topologie des Michelson-Sagnac-Interferometers wurde gewahlt um trotz ihrer geringen Reflektivitat ein Michelson-Interferometer mit der Membran als Endspiegel zu realisieren. Fur Temperaturen bis minimal 100K konnte ein Kontrast der Moden im Ausgang von 99.7% erreicht werden. Das Signal im dunklen Ausgang ermoglichte eine Messung mit einer vom Schrotrauschen limitierten Sensitivitat fur eine Eingangsleistung von 50 muW. Nach der Kalibrierung der gemessenen Spektren mit dem theoretischen Schrotrauschen konnten die Gutefaktoren der Membran Q_293=2.7*10^5 und Q_100=1.5*10^6 bei 293K und 100K aus der resultierenden spektrale Dichte der Ortsanderung bestimmt werden. Durch die Injektion extern produzierter gequetschter Zustande wurde das Quantenschrotrauschen im prasentierten Experiment um (3.1 +/-0.2) dB gesenkt, was einem Faktor Wurzel(2) in der linearen spektralen Rauschdichte entspricht. Fur eine vom Strahlungsdruckrauschen limitierte Sensitivitat konnte die demonstrierte Anwendungvon gequetschten Zustanden in Zukunft eine Unterschreitung des Standardquantenlimits ermoglichen.
One of the prime applications of squeezed light is enhancing the sensitivity of an interferometer below the quantum shot-noise limit, but so far, no such experimental demonstration was reported when using the optical Kerr effect. In prior setups involving Kerr-squeezed light, the role of the interferometer was merely to characterize the noise pattern. The lack of such a demonstration was largely due to the cumbersome tilting of the squeezed ellipse in phase space. Here, we present the first experimental observation of phase-sensitivity enhancement in an interferometer using Kerr squeezing.
We report an experimental demonstration of quantum-enhanced displacement measurement of a membrane in an optical cavity by using bright quantum correlated light to surpass the shot-noise limit (SNL). The optical cavity enhances the displacement signal and the twin beams suppress the noise background 3 dB below the SNL at an equivalent optical power. Thus, the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved by simultaneously using optical cavities and twin beams, and a sensitivity of 200 am/Hz is achieved. The frequency fluctuations of twin beams are analyzed and reduced by using optical twin cavities. These results provide a useful method for precision measurements as well as to control cavity optomechanical systems with nonclassical light.