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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Stability and instability of correlated emission lasers

Ann Cavin Strozewski, John C. Englund

Published Jan 1, 1992• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The idea of using correlated emission to reduce spontaneous-emission noise in an active interferometer1 has recently been successfully implemented in a He–Ne Zeeman laser,2 an advance of particular significance for the development of high-sensitivity probes of metric gravity.1 Because the sensitivity of such probes is expected to increase with increasing laser power, we have begun assessing the degree to which instability imposes limitations on the operating levels of correlated-emission-laser (CEL) devices. In particular, we have found that the model of Bergou et al.3 of a homogeneously broadened, three-level CEL exhibits transitions to chaos that are very similar to the well-known Haken–Lorenz instability, and at quantitatively similar threshold powers. A CEL model more appropriate to Ref. 2 is also considered.

DOI
10.1364/oam.1992.tuz5

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Chinese Physics Letters•Jan 1, 2009•0 citations
The idea of using correlated emission to reduce spontaneous-emission noise in an active interferometer1 has recently been successfully implemented in a He–Ne Zeeman laser,2 an advance of particular significance for the development of high-sensitivity probes of metric gravity.1 Because the sensitivity of such probes is expected to increase with increasing laser power, we have begun assessing the degree to which instability imposes limitations on the operating levels of correlated-emission-laser (CEL) devices. In particular, we have found that the model of Bergou et al.3 of a homogeneously broadened, three-level CEL exhibits transitions to chaos that are very similar to the well-known Haken–Lorenz instability, and at quantitatively similar threshold powers. A CEL model more appropriate to Ref. 2 is also considered.
As discussed in the last three chapters, the fundamental source of noise in a laser is spontaneous emission. A simple pictorial model for the origin of the laser linewidth envisions it as being due to the random phase diffusion process arising from the addition of spontaneously emitted photons with random phases to the laser field. In this chapter we show that the quantum noise leading to the laser linewidth can be suppressed below the standard, i.e., Schawlow–Townes limit by preparing the atomic systems in a coherent superposition of states as in the Hanle effect and quantum beat experiments discussed in Chapter 7. In such coherently prepared atoms the spontaneous emission is said to be correlated. Lasers operating via such a phase coherent atomic ensemble are known as correlated spontaneous emission lasers (CEL). An interesting aspect of the CEL is that it is possible to eliminate the spontaneous emission quantum noise in the relative linewidths by correlating the two spontaneous emission noise events. A number of schemes exist in which quantum noise quenching below the standard limit can be achieved. In two-mode schemes a correlation between the spontaneous emisson events in two different modes of the radiation field is established via atomic coherence so that the relative phase between them does not diffuse or fluctuate. In a Hanle laser and a quantum beat laser this is achieved by pumping the atoms coherently such that every spontaneously emitting atom contributes equally to the two modes of the radiation, leading to a reduction and even vanishing of the noise in the phase difference.
We develop a nonlinear theory of a two-photon correlated-spontaneous-emission laser (CEL) by using an effective interaction Hamiltonian for a two-level system coupled by a two-photon transition. Assuming that the active atoms are prepared initially in a coherent superposition of two atomic levels involved in the two-photon transition, we derive a master equation for the field-density operator by using our quantum theory for coherently pumped lasers. The steady-state properties of the two-photon CEL are studied by converting the field master equation into a Fokker-Planck equation for the antinormal-ordering Q representation of the field-density operator. Because of the injected atomic coherence, the drift and diffusion coefficients become phase sensitive. This leads to laser phase locking and an extra two-photon CEL gain. The laser field can build up from a vacuum in the no-population-inversion region, in contrast to an ordinary two-photon laser for which triggering is needed. We find an approximate steady-state solution of the Q representation for the laser field, which consists of two identical peaks of elliptical type. We calculate the phase variance and, for any given mean photon number, obtain the minimum variance in the phase quadrature as a function of the initial atomic variables. Squeezing of the quantum noise in the phase quadrature is found and it exhibits the following features: (1) it is possible only when the laser intensity is smaller than a certain value; (2) it becomes most significant for small mean photon number, which is achievable in the no-population-inversion region; and (3) a maximum of 50% squeezing can be asymptotically approached in the small laser intensity limit. As a by-product we also study the ordinary two-photon laser and find, e.g., photon-number variance and laser linewidth.
Introduction The investigation of the coherence properties of light sources has traditionally involved the study of correlation functions of different orders of the electric field (Born and Wolf, 1975; Mandel and Wolf, 1965). Field and intensity correlation functions have been measured for laser light (for a review, see Lax and Zwanziger, 1973) and have been compared with predictions obtained from quantum laser theory (Haken, 1970, 1981; Lax, 1969; Louisell, 1973; Sargent, Scully and Lamb, 1974). This was, in fact, one of the major confirmations of the correctness of the basic formalism of quantum laser theory. Most of the experiments that probed the coherence properties of lasers were, however, carried out on a very limited variety of lasing media. Interest was also centered on the regime of operation near threshold, where the light from the laser is extremely weak; hence photoelectron counting and correlation techniques were developed for the measurement of coherence properties of the laser light. While these early experiments were performed with the main intent of testing the basic theory, the large variety of lasers now available, and their ever more demanding applications, make it necessary to develop new methods for the measurement and analysis of laser fluctuations. These techniques should be applicable to the measurement of noise in high power lasers; at the same time, in order to delineate the limits of usage, they must be sensitive enough to quantitatively determine the quantum mechanical sources of noise which may lie buried in external noise that is many orders of magnitude larger.