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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America

Enhanced nonlinear susceptibilities for squeezed-light generation

Daniel F. Walls, Klaus M. Gheri

Published Jan 1, 1993• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It has been shown by Imamoglu, Field and Harris1 that electromagnetically induced transparency can be used to achieve laser action without inversion. We have analyzed the quantum noise properties of the laser without inversion and shown that the intensity fluctuations in the laser output may be reduced 50% below the shot noise limit2. In recent work Makuta, Marmet and Stoicheff3 have shown that a resonantly enhanced second order susceptibility with reduced absorption at the second reduced harmonic wavelength may be achieved by electromagnetically induced transparency induced with a dc-electric field. We have calculated the photon statistics of the second harmonic light and found that near 100% amplitude squeezing can be achieved in the output at the second harmonic. We have shown that driven A model atoms in an optical cavity can reduce the amplitude fluctuation of a strong coherent input light field into the cavity by almost 100% without significantly depleting the input signal.

DOI
10.1364/oam.1993.tha.2

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It has been shown by Imamoglu, Field and Harris1 that electromagnetically induced transparency can be used to achieve laser action without inversion. We have analyzed the quantum noise properties of the laser without inversion and shown that the intensity fluctuations in the laser output may be reduced 50% below the shot noise limit2. In recent work Makuta, Marmet and Stoicheff3 have shown that a resonantly enhanced second order susceptibility with reduced absorption at the second reduced harmonic wavelength may be achieved by electromagnetically induced transparency induced with a dc-electric field. We have calculated the photon statistics of the second harmonic light and found that near 100% amplitude squeezing can be achieved in the output at the second harmonic. We have shown that driven A model atoms in an optical cavity can reduce the amplitude fluctuation of a strong coherent input light field into the cavity by almost 100% without significantly depleting the input signal.
We analyze the quantum-fluctuation properties of second-harmonic radiation generated in the high-efficiency conversion process used in a recent experiment by Hakuta, Marmet, and Stoicheff [Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 596 (1991)]. We extend their work by studying the second-harmonic generation inside an optical cavity. The active medium inside the cavity is modeled by three-level atoms with degenerated upper levels (1s, 2p, and 2s states of atomic hydrogen) interacting with a strong constant electric field. An enhancement of the conversion efficiency and a reduction of the added noise are found as a result of an electromagnetically induced transparency. We show that the scheme is capable of producing light in a squeezed or coherent state close to a minimum-uncertainty state with a large mean amplitude.
Electromagnetic fields, with the noise on one quadrature component reduced to below the quantum mechanical zero-point fluctuation level and the noise on the other quadrature component enhanced to above it, are currently of great interest in quantum optics because of their potential applications to various precision measurements. Such squeezed states of light are usually produced by imposing nonlinear unitary evolution on coherent (or vacuum) states. On the other hand, squeezed states with reduced photon number noise and enhanced phase noise are generated directly by a constant current-driven semiconductor laser. This is the simplest scheme for the generation of nonclassical light, and so far it has yielded the largest quantum noise reduction. The mutual coupling between a lasing junction and an external electrical circuit provides opportunities for exploring the macroscopic and microscopic quantum effects in open systems.
The signal to noise ratio of optical systems is ultimately limited by the shot noise due to the Poissonian statistics of the light field. In recent years there has been a considerable effort to find ways to overcome this limitation by generating non-classical light with sub-shot noise statistics. Several groups have demonstrated non-classical light generation in diode lasers or light emitting diodes, and the amplitude fluctuations have been reduced substantially below the shot noise level [1,2]. However, for phase-sensitive measurements it is necessary to generate the more general quadrature squeezed states. Such quadrature squeezed light can be generated either by second-order or third-order nonlinear processes provided the nonlinear material has very low losses at the optical wavelength. To date, the successful generation schemes for quadrature squeezed light have been restricted to atomic vapours, optical fibres, or second-order nonlinear crystals [3]. The possibility of using the large χ(3) nonlinearities of semiconductors at frequencies below the band gap where the optical absorption is small has been discussed in the literature, but so far there have been no successful experiments [4-6]. In this paper we report measurements on GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As multiple quantum well waveguides and bulk ZnS in the wavelength range 750 - 890nm. Although we measure much larger nonlinearities in the quantum wells, the strong two-photon absorption is detrimental for squeezed light generation. However, in the ZnS where the laser frequency is below the two- photon absorption edge, we have succeeded in generating quadrature squeezed light in a semiconductor for the first time. On the basis of our results, we would expect that squeezed light could be generated in many other semiconductor systems provided the photon energy is less than half the band-gap energy.
It is now well understood that the characteristics of a nonlinear optical process are the result of the interplay of the linear and nonlinear susceptibilities. In general, as an atomic transition to the ground state is approached, the nonlinear susceptibility is resonantly enhanced, but, at the same time, the media exhibits a rapidly increasing refractive index and becomes opaque. During the last several years we have shown how electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) may be used to dramatically solve this problem.