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Topical Meeting on Laser Techniques in the Extreme Ultraviolet

Tunable Sub-Angstrom Radiation Generated by Anti-Stokes Scattering from Nuclear Levels

C. B. Collins, Brett D DePaola

Published Jan 1, 1984• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This work concerns the demonstration of the feasibility of the tuning and perhaps even stimulation of nuclear radiation. Theory [1-3] has indicated that anti-Stokes Raman upconversion of intense but conventional long wavelength sources of radiation produced by scattering from isomeric states of nuclear excitation could lead to significant sources of tunable y-radiation characterized by the natural Mössbauer width of the lines. This would result in lines with sub-Angstrom wavelengths and widths of a few MHz. Further computations [4] have suggested that this type of coherent, as well as a new type of incoherent, optical pumping could even lead to appreciable levels of inversion of the population of nuclear levels that would be capable of supporting the growth of stimulated y-ray intensity. Whether or not these processes can reach threshold depends upon the resolution of basic issues lying in an interdisciplinary region between quantum electronics and nuclear physics that have not been previously addressed. It was the purpose of this work to study these issues experimentally.

DOI
10.1364/euv.1984.ma5

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This work concerns the demonstration of the feasibility of the tuning and perhaps even stimulation of nuclear radiation. Theory1–3 has indicated that anti-Stokes Raman up- conversion of intense but conventional long-wavelength sources of radiation produced by scattering from isomeric states of nuclear excitation could lead to significant sources of tunable γ radiation characterized by the natural Mossbauer width of the lines. This would result in lines with sub-angstrom wavelengths and widths of a few megahertz. Further computations4 have suggested that this type of coherent, as well as a new type of incoherent, optical pumping could even lead to appreciable levels of inversion of the population of nuclear levels that would be capable of supporting the growth of stimulated γ-ray intensity. Whether these processes can reach threshold depends on the resolution of basic issues lying in an interdisciplinary region between quantum electronics and nuclear physics that have not been previously addressed.

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The anti-Stokes Raman laser process is an interesting method for frequency upconversion and generation of tunable UV radiation. This method requires no index matching and allows high-conversion efficiencies and output energies and large frequency shifts in a single step. A basic requirement is a population inversion between a metastable level and a suitable lower-lying level. So far anti- Stokes laser emission has been demonstrated using the metastable TI (6P3/2). l(5P1/2). and Br (4P1/2) levels, where a population inversion with respect to the corresponding atomic ground states has been generated by photodissociation of suitable compounds.1-3 For the Tl system efficiencies of 10 % and output energies of ~1 mJ (at 377 nm) have been reported,1 and with Br a shortest wavelength of 149 nm was possible by upconversion of 157.5-nm radiation of a F2 laser.3

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Jan 1, 1984•0 citations
This work concerns the demonstration of the feasibility of the tuning and perhaps even stimulation of nuclear radiation. Theory [1-3] has indicated that anti-Stokes Raman upconversion of intense but conventional long wavelength sources of radiation produced by scattering from isomeric states of nuclear excitation could lead to significant sources of tunable y-radiation characterized by the natural Mössbauer width of the lines. This would result in lines with sub-Angstrom wavelengths and widths of a few MHz. Further computations [4] have suggested that this type of coherent, as well as a new type of incoherent, optical pumping could even lead to appreciable levels of inversion of the population of nuclear levels that would be capable of supporting the growth of stimulated y-ray intensity. Whether or not these processes can reach threshold depends upon the resolution of basic issues lying in an interdisciplinary region between quantum electronics and nuclear physics that have not been previously addressed. It was the purpose of this work to study these issues experimentally.
This work concerns the demonstration of the feasibility of the tuning and perhaps even stimulation of nuclear radiation. Theory1–3 has indicated that anti-Stokes Raman up- conversion of intense but conventional long-wavelength sources of radiation produced by scattering from isomeric states of nuclear excitation could lead to significant sources of tunable γ radiation characterized by the natural Mossbauer width of the lines. This would result in lines with sub-angstrom wavelengths and widths of a few megahertz. Further computations4 have suggested that this type of coherent, as well as a new type of incoherent, optical pumping could even lead to appreciable levels of inversion of the population of nuclear levels that would be capable of supporting the growth of stimulated γ-ray intensity. Whether these processes can reach threshold depends on the resolution of basic issues lying in an interdisciplinary region between quantum electronics and nuclear physics that have not been previously addressed.
It was the intent of this work to use states of nuclear excitation in order to demonstrate coherent multiphoton processes that were the analogs of well‐known effects occurring at optical frequencies. Success in exciting radiofrequency sum and difference frequency sidebands on hyperfine components of the Mössbauer transition of 57Fe near 0.086 nm is described. The transition energy of those sidebands was shown to be tunable over five line‐widths by varying the radiofrequency component of the sum. A model is proposed that quantitatively explains these results in terms of coherently excited nuclear states and evidentally confirms the multiphoton nature of the process.
The generation of 145.6-nm radiation by stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering in inverted atomic selenium was first reported by Ludewigt et al. 1 We have performed experimental studies of this process in similar excitation conditions, which allow us to compare some of the results in the two studies. The inverted population of the selenium (4p4)1S0 metastable state relative to the (4p4)3P0 state was prepared by photodissociation of COSe vapor using broadband 193-nm radiation from an ArF excimer laser. The pump beam at 205.1 nm was generated by the first-order Stokes shift in deuterium of narrowband (0.27-cm–1), 193-nm radiation from a separate, tunable ArF laser. The pump beam was tuned near the selenium (4p4)1S0–(4p35s)3P1 intermediate resonance to generate tunable, coherent radiation at 145.6 nm. We have studied the process in a variety of experimental conditions. Factors affecting the conversion efficiency and tunability include the initial COSe pressure, the intensities and relative timing of the photolyzing and pump beams, and the presence of buffer gases. The experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations based on a recently developed three-level model2 which incorporates Doppler broadening and arbitrary decay times.
The resonance anti-Stokes conversion of broadband X-ray radiation to stimulated gamma radiation of free isomer nuclei is considered. The conversion involves the two-quantum transition from the initial long-lived isomer state of a nucleus via an intermediate level to the final state located below the isomer state. The quantum-mechanical calculation of the cross section for resonance stimulated anti-Stokes scattering involving quanta of the different multipolarity yields the estimate of the gain of stimulated gamma radiation in a nuclear beam with the spectrally local inversion and the estimate of the threshold spectral density of the X-ray pump radiation flux.
The anti-Stokes Raman laser process is an interesting method for frequency upconversion and generation of tunable UV radiation. This method requires no index matching and allows high-conversion efficiencies and output energies and large frequency shifts in a single step. A basic requirement is a population inversion between a metastable level and a suitable lower-lying level. So far anti- Stokes laser emission has been demonstrated using the metastable TI (6P3/2). l(5P1/2). and Br (4P1/2) levels, where a population inversion with respect to the corresponding atomic ground states has been generated by photodissociation of suitable compounds.1-3 For the Tl system efficiencies of 10 % and output energies of ~1 mJ (at 377 nm) have been reported,1 and with Br a shortest wavelength of 149 nm was possible by upconversion of 157.5-nm radiation of a F2 laser.3