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Journal of Applied Physics

Broadband microwave antenna for uniform manipulation of millimeter-scale volumes of diamond quantum sensors

Yukitoshi Takemura, K. Hayashi, Y. Yoshii, M. Saito, Shinobu Onoda, Hiroshi Abe, Takeshi Ohshima, Takashi Taniguchi, Masanori Fujiwara, Hiroki Morishita, Izuru Ohki, Norikazu Mizuochi

Published Dec 8, 2022• 3 citations

Abstract

Quantum sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are expected to demonstrate a wide variety of applications. For high-sensitivity quantum sensors with NV center ensembles, uniform manipulation of the electron spins of the NV centers in large volumes is required. In addition, a broad microwave frequency bandwidth for manipulating the NV centers' electron spin is necessary for vector magnetometry and measurement under a finite static magnetic field. Here, we demonstrate a broadband microwave antenna for uniform manipulation of millimeter-scale volumes of diamond quantum sensors. The simulation shows that the current is distributed at both edges of the loop coil of a single copper plate due to the skin effect. The loop coil acts like a Helmholtz coil, which realizes uniformity in the z-direction of the microwave magnetic field (B1). The plate structure has a higher mechanical stability, durability, and a larger heat capacity than the Helmholtz coil, due to its large volume. The antenna achieves a higher performance than previously reported antennae, with a maximal B1 of 4.5 G, a broad bandwidth of 287 ± 6 MHz, and a peak-to-peak variation of 9.2% over a 3.1 mm3 cylinder volume. These performances show that the presented antenna is suitable for manipulating solid-state spin ensembles for high-sensitivity quantum sensors.

DOI: 10.1063/5.0128406

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Quantum sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are expected to demonstrate a wide variety of applications. For high-sensitivity quantum sensors with NV center ensembles, uniform manipulation of the electron spins of the NV centers in large volumes is required. In addition, a broad microwave frequency bandwidth for manipulating the NV centers' electron spin is necessary for vector magnetometry and measurement under a finite static magnetic field. Here, we demonstrate a broadband microwave antenna for uniform manipulation of millimeter-scale volumes of diamond quantum sensors. The simulation shows that the current is distributed at both edges of the loop coil of a single copper plate due to the skin effect. The loop coil acts like a Helmholtz coil, which realizes uniformity in the z-direction of the microwave magnetic field (B1). The plate structure has a higher mechanical stability, durability, and a larger heat capacity than the Helmholtz coil, due to its large volume. The antenna achieves a higher performance than previously reported antennae, with a maximal B1 of 4.5 G, a broad bandwidth of 287 ± 6 MHz, and a peak-to-peak variation of 9.2% over a 3.1 mm3 cylinder volume. These performances show that the presented antenna is suitable for manipulating solid-state spin ensembles for high-sensitivity quantum sensors.

For quantum sensing based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, microwave irradiation with uniform power density and large detection volume is necessary to achieve ultrahigh sensitivity. We demonstrate the fabrication of a double magnetic ring stereoscopic antenna used for the tridimensional uniform control of NV spin ensembles with a 4π mm 2 × 2 mm large volume. Compared with those of traditional microwave antennas (copper wire and single-loop antenna), the sensitivity of the sensor can be improved 4.93 and 9.98 times, and the linearity of the lock-in signal can be increased by 2.04 and 1.11%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed antenna can suppress the thermal noise generated by itself and is amenable to three-dimensional (3D) integration.

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Ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond hold promise for ultra-precise magnetometry, competing with superconducting quantum interference device detectors. By utilizing the advantages of dielectric materials, such as very low losses for electromagnetic field, with the potential for creating high Q -factor resonators with strong concentration of the field within it, we implemented a dielectric resonator antenna for coherent manipulation of a large ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. We reached average Rabi frequency of 10 MHz in a volume of 7 mm 3 with a standard deviation of less than 1% at a moderate pump power. The obtained result enables use of large volume low nitrogen-vacancy concentration diamond plates in modern nitrogen-vacancy magnetometers thus improving sensitivity via larger coherence time and higher optical detected magnetic resonance contrast.

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have emerged as promising quantum sensors due to their highly coherent and optically addressable spin states with potential applications in high-sensitivity magnetometry. Homogeneously addressing large ensembles of NV centers offers clear benefit in terms of sensing precision as well as in fundamental studies of collective effects. Such experiments require a spatially uniform, intense, and broadband microwave field that can be difficult to generate. Previous approaches, such as copper wires, loop coils, and planar structures, have shown limitations in field homogeneity, bandwidth, and integration in compact devices. In this paper, we present a coplanar waveguide (CPW) gold coil patterned on a 3 × 3 mm 2 diamond substrate, offering full integration, enhanced stability, and broad bandwidth suitable for various NV sensing applications. Coil fabricated on diamond offers several advantages for magnetometry with NV centers ensemble, including enhanced heat dissipation, seamless integration, scalability, and miniaturization potential. We optimize critical geometrical parameters to achieve a homogeneous magnetic field with a coefficient of variation of less than 6% over an area of 0.5 mm 2 and present experimental results confirming the performance of the proposed CPW coil.

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond has found applications in magnetometry across various geometrical scales. In particular, vector magnetometry using hand-held devices with low power consumption is of interest for mobile and geological applications. However, such a device requires efficient driving of the four different orientations of the NV center, thus placing demands on a broadband microwave resonator that provides a uniform and highly insensitive microwave magnetic field at the resonance frequencies of the NV centers. Here, we propose a unique planar resonator design that enables efficient driving of all four orientations of NV color centers over a 100 MHz range with only 0.5 W of microwave input power and 250 mW of laser power, allowing vector magnetic field measurements. Using the planar resonator to drive NV centers in diamond, a compact vector magnetometer was fabricated and experimentally studied. The sensitivity of the device is about

{1.2\text{ nT}}/{\sqrt{\text{Hz}}}\;

. While this is not a record sensitivity for diamond-based magnetometers, this device occupies its own niche as a compact hand-held magnetometer.