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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Research and Design of Photoelectric Converter for Quantum Gravimeter

Mingda Zhu, Xiaoxin Liu, Yaping Wang, Jianhua Bi, Yudong Xu, Yingcong Zhu

Published Dec 1, 2022• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In the control system of a quantum gravimeter, the optical signal containing phase information is weak and usually at the nV level. This situation puts forward high requirements for the measurement performance of the system. As the coupling input component of the measurement system, the noise level of the preamplifier has a dramatic influence on the noise performance. In this paper, the input current signal is provided by the photodiode. According to the photodiode output characteristics, we design three preamplifiers with different gain and bandwidth, which is verified by the optical system. Under the condition of meeting the design requirements, the noise performance is compared with the common commercial detector Model 2307. The results show that the noise performance of the photoelectric converter designed in this paper is about 1.5 times that of model 2307.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/2383/1/012032

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In the control system of a quantum gravimeter, the optical signal containing phase information is weak and usually at the nV level. This situation puts forward high requirements for the measurement performance of the system. As the coupling input component of the measurement system, the noise level of the preamplifier has a dramatic influence on the noise performance. In this paper, the input current signal is provided by the photodiode. According to the photodiode output characteristics, we design three preamplifiers with different gain and bandwidth, which is verified by the optical system. Under the condition of meeting the design requirements, the noise performance is compared with the common commercial detector Model 2307. The results show that the noise performance of the photoelectric converter designed in this paper is about 1.5 times that of model 2307.
according to the special requirements of quantum optics experiments, through the optimum design of broadband low noise amplifier circuit, this paper developed a broadband low noise photoelectric detector. We focus on the analysis of the factors affecting the photoelectric detector gain, bandwidth and noise, by a suitable choice of the photodiode, a sampling resistor, feedback resistor and capacitor, the broadband low noise photoelectric detector. Experiments show that, this circuit can be used for broadband low noise quantum communication circuit.
Based on the special demands of quantum optical experiments for low noise detectors,a high gain and shot noise detector was designed by combing an AC current coupled trans-impedance pre-amplify circuit and an ETX500photodiode.Compared with existing detectors,the designed detector shows better characteristics in gain,bandwidth and AC DC saturation.The output characteristics of the detector were measured by using a 1 064nm single frequency laser as a source and a frequency spectrum analyzer as the measuring instrument.Measuring results show that the power noise spectrum of the detector is 10dB higher than that of electronic noise spectrum when the injecting power for the detector is more than 850μW at 2MHz.Furthermore,the bandwidth of the shot noise detector reaches 5MH when the input infrared laser power is above 1.62mW.The remarkable linearities for the DC and AC currents are available when the input infrared laser power is increased to 36mW.Considering its higher gain and better DC AC saturation characteristics,the detector is advantageous to quantum optic experiments.
The technology of quantum cryptography, based on the quantum properties of light, allows a random sequence of bits to be transmitted over an unprotected communication channel in such a way that an attacker's interference in the transmission process creates additional noise in the channel and is detected by legitimate users. One of the important elements of a quantum system is a single-photon detector. The closest to solving this problem is a device for recording single photons using avalanche photodiodes (APD) [1 - 6]. In this work, a scheme for amplifying current pulses flowing through a single-photon detector is proposed, using a charge-sensitive amplifier Amptek A250. The noise characteristics of the Amptek A250 amplifier are such that its contribution to detector noise is negligible. After amplification, the pulses are fed to the inputs of the comparators. The amplitude discrimination threshold of the first is selected above the level of the amplifier's own noise. The amplitude discrimination threshold of the second comparator is chosen so that the speed of pulse counting at the output of the first comparator is n times greater than at the output of the second comparator. From the outputs of the comparators, pulses are fed to the input of the microcontroller. When the microcontroller calculates a given number of N pulses, a corresponding signal for the DAC is formed at its output, which converts the digital signal into a control voltage for the power source of the avalanche photodiode. The developed device allows to increase the quantum efficiency of registration up to 48%.
A low-noise photodetector is a basic tool for the research of quantum information processing.We present a specially designed low-noise photoelectric detector with a bandwidth of 130 MHz, using a transimpedance amplification circuit.Based on the detailed calculation of the dependence on each parameter of the detector, a useful method of how to design a low-noise and broadband photodetector is provided.When the optical power is between 1.0 and 16 mW, the photodetector has a good linear response to the injected light.Its electronics noise power is below -77 dBm, which is within the whole bandwidth.When the incident light power is 2 mW, the output noise powers are 10.0, 8.0, and 6.0 dB higher than the corresponding electronics noise within the bandwidth of 1-50, 50-90, and 90-130 MHz, respectively, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.Thus, this photoelectric detector could have good application prospects in quantum communication and an optical cavity locking system.
Modeling and design of a single photon detector and its various characteristics are presented. It is a type of avalanche photo diode (APD) designed to suit the requirements of a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) detection system. The device is modeled to operate in a gated mode at liquid nitrogen temperature for minimum noise and maximum gain. Different types of APDs are compared for best performance. The APD is part of an optical communication link, which is a private channel to transmit the key signal. The encrypted message is sent via a public channel. The optical link operates at a wavelength of 1.55μm. The design is based on InGaAs with a quantum efficiency of more than 75% and a multiplication factor of 1000. The calculated dark current is below 10-12A with an overall signal to noise ratio better than 18 dB. The device sensitivity is better than -40 dBm, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than the dark current, corresponding to a detection sensitivity of two photons in pico-second pulses.
We investigated and optimized the low-frequency noise characteristics of a preamplifier used for readout of direct current superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). When the SQUID output was detected directly using a room-temperature low-voltage-noise preamplifier, the low-frequency noise of a SQUID system was found to be dominated by the input current noise of the preamplifiers in case of a large dynamic resistance of the SQUID. To reduce the current noise of the preamplifier in the low-frequency range, we investigated the dependence of total preamplifier noise on the collector current and source resistance. When the collector current was decreased from 8.4 mA to 3 mA in the preamplifier made of 3 parallel SSM2220 transistor pairs, the low-frequency total voltage noise of the preamplifier (at 0.1 Hz) decreased by about 3 times for a source resistance of 30 Ω whereas the white noise level remained nearly unchanged. Since the relative contribution of preamplifier's input voltage and current noise is different depending on the dynamic resistance or flux-to-voltage transfer of the SQUID, the results showed that the total noise of a SQUID system at low-frequency range can be improved significantly by optimizing the preamplifier circuit parameters, mainly the collector current in case of low-noise bipolar transistor pairs.