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Nanomaterials

Tailoring Nonlinear Metamaterials for the Controlling of Spatial Quantum Entanglement

Yang Ming, Yuan Liu, Wei Chen, Yusen Yan, Huiguo Zhang

Published Nov 13, 2022• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The high designability of metamaterials has made them an attractive platform for devising novel optoelectronic devices. The demonstration of nonlinear metamaterials further indicates their potential in developing quantum applications. Here, we investigate designing nonlinear metamaterials consisting of the 3-fold (C3) rotationally symmetrical nanoantennas for generating and modulating entangled photons in the spatial degrees of freedom. Through tailoring the geometry and orientation of the nanoantennas, the parametric down conversion process inside the metamaterials can be locally engineered to generate entangled states with desired spatial properties. As the orbital angular momentum (OAM) states are valuable for enhancing the data capacity of quantum information systems, the photonic OAM entanglement is practically considered. With suitable nanostructure design, the generation of OAM entangled states is shown to be effectively realized in the discussed nonlinear metamaterial system. The nonlinear metamaterials present a perspective to provide a flexible platform for quantum photonic applications.

DOI
10.3390/nano12224001

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We investigate utilizing nonlinear metamaterials for generating entangled photons with expected characteristics. Metamaterials are artificial structures with unique properties which are not attainable with naturally existing materials. In recent years, owing to high designability and flexibility, metamaterials have been deeply investigated and utilized for constructing novel photonic devices. Through tailoring the nanostructures of metamaterials with feasible nonlinear optical character, we can control the PDC process inside the medium to generate desirable photon states. Various spatial perturbations of optical parameters with special distributions can be introduced in via suitable arraying of elements of metamaterials. The spatial properties of entangled photons such as orbital angular momentum can be flexibly engineered. The nonlinear metamaterial provides a flexible platform for steering photonic entanglement.
Abstract Metamaterials consisting of deep subwavelength artificial “atoms” have been utilized to demonstrate a series of novel phenomena such as negative refraction and epsilon‐near‐zero. In recent times, metamaterials have been developed as an up‐and‐coming platform for quantum optics. Here the generation and modulation of photonic entanglement are investigated based on the parametric down conversion processes in metamaterials with considerable optical nonlinearity. Through flexible nanostructure design, the nonlinear photonic interaction in the metamaterial system can be effectively tailored. The distributions of optical parameters of the system are inhomogeneous, based on which the spatial properties of the generated photonic state can be steered as desired. The theoretical framework to describe this system is established based on the nonlinear Huygens–Fresnel principle, and a differential approach is utilized to deal with the intrinsic loss of the system. The generation of orbital angular momentum entangled states is actually considered as an illustration. This platform could be valuable for the practical applications of quantum information processing.
High-dimensional quantum entanglement is an important resource for fundamental research and quantum technological application. Recently, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light has received much attention to realize high-dimensional quantum systems, and generating and manipulating the OAM entanglement has become an important topic. Here, we propose an inverse design technique to manipulate the OAM entanglement of the photon pair generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The proposed technique directly tailors the OAM states of entangled photon pairs by shaping the incident pump beam. In particular, we construct a physics-informed model by leveraging the backpropagation algorithm and adhering to the overlap integral relation. Our model automatically optimizes diffractive masks, allowing the structured pump to quantitatively modulate the OAM distribution. The generation of maximally entangled states in different dimensions is demonstrated numerically and experimentally.
Maximally entangled photon pairs with a spatial degree of freedom is a potential way for realizing high-capacity quantum computing and communication. However, methods to generate such entangled states with high quality, high brightness, and good controllability are needed. Here, a scheme is experimentally demonstrated that generates spatially maximally entangled photon pairs with an orbital angular momentum degree of freedom via spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a nonlinear crystal. Compared with existing methods using postselection, the technique can directly modulate the spatial spectrum of down-converted photon pairs by engineering the input pump beam. In addition, the relative phase between spatially entangled photon pairs can be easily manipulated by preparing the relative phase of input pump states.