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European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC)

Quantum-Correlated Photon-Pair Source with Integrated Feedback Control in 45 nm CMOS

Danielius Kramnik, Imbert Wang, Josep M. Fargas Cabanillas, Anirudh Ramesh, Sidney Buchbinder, Panagiotis G. Zarkos, Christos G. Adamopoulos, Prem Kumar, Miloš A. Popović, Vladimir Marko Stojanovic

Published Sep 19, 2022• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Integrated photonics provides scalability needed for useful photonic quantum information processing. Many optical resonators must be aligned to the same pump wavelength to produce sources of quantum-correlated photon pairs that drive such systems, but existing solutions rely on manual alignment or offline tuning based on external photodiodes and bulky off-chip electronics, limiting scalability. Here we demonstrate feedback control of four-wave mixing (stimulated and spontaneous) in a silicon microring using circuits integrated alongside photonics in a standard 45 nm CMOS foundry process. The carrier-sweepout-generated feedback signal enables in-situ operation in the photon-pair generation regime, which is a key building block enabling large-scale CMOS quantum-photonic systems-on-chip.

DOI
10.1109/esscirc55480.2022.9911513

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Photon pair sources with the capability to tune the wavelength and correlation properties of the generated photons can be useful for quantum applications such as communication, sensing, and computing. Silicon devices based on the SOI (silicon-on-insulator) platform benefits from both tight modal confinement, due to high index contrast between core and cladding, and CMOS compatible manufacturing process, making it a suitable platform for such sources. In the present work, we discuss the possibility of using planar resonant silicon devices with bend radii of a few tens of microns as photon pair sources. We discuss that a silicon nanophotonic chip consisting of either a single microring or coupled microrings can be used to generate photon pairs around 1.55 um. We discuss that the photons are generated in multiple pairs of wavelengths and can be tuned over several nanometers, demonstrating the capability to generate wavelength division multiplexed photon pairs at freely chosen telecommunication-band wavelengths. Further on, we discuss the ease of control over the bi-photon spectrum of the generated photon pairs and its implication in controlling their correlation properties. Uncorrelated photon pairs can be used to herald a single photon, and correlated photon pairs can be used in various quantum applications such as communication and sensing. In the end, we discuss the design parameters of a single microring resonator based sources.

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Integrated photonics provides scalability needed for useful photonic quantum information processing. Many optical resonators must be aligned to the same pump wavelength to produce sources of quantum-correlated photon pairs that drive such systems, but existing solutions rely on manual alignment or offline tuning based on external photodiodes and bulky off-chip electronics, limiting scalability. Here we demonstrate feedback control of four-wave mixing (stimulated and spontaneous) in a silicon microring using circuits integrated alongside photonics in a standard 45 nm CMOS foundry process. The carrier-sweepout-generated feedback signal enables in-situ operation in the photon-pair generation regime, which is a key building block enabling large-scale CMOS quantum-photonic systems-on-chip.
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Correlated photon pairs are a fundamental building block of quantum photonic systems. While pair sources have previously been integrated on silicon chips built using customized photonics manufacturing processes, these often take advantage of only a small fraction of the established techniques for microelectronics fabrication and have yet to be integrated in a process which also supports electronics. Here we report the first demonstration of quantum-correlated photon pair generation in a device fabricated in an unmodified advanced (sub-100nm) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process, alongside millions of working transistors. The microring resonator photon pair source is formed in the transistor layer structure, with the resonator core formed by the silicon layer typically used for the transistor body. With ultra-low continuous-wave on-chip pump powers ranging from 5 μμμW to 400 μμμW, we demonstrate pair generation rates between 165 Hz and 332 kHz using >80% efficient WSi superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. Coincidences-to-accidentals ratios consistently exceeding 40 were measured with a maximum of 55. In the process of characterizing this source we also accurately predict pair generation rates from the results of classical four-wave mixing measurements. This proof-of-principle device demonstrates the potential of commercial CMOS microelectronics as an advanced quantum photonics platform with capability of large volume, pristine process control, and where state-of-the-art high-speed digital circuits could interact with quantum photonic circuits.
Chip-scale integrated photonic circuits provide an attractive platform for the implementation of many quantum photonic technologies ranging from precise metrology to secure communication and quantum computation. In particular, silicon photonic platforms support micron-scale nonlinear optical sources of non-classical light which can be mass manufactured using the robust fabrication processes pioneered by the CMOS microelectronics industry. Integration of these quantum photonic sources with high-performance classical photonic devices on the same chip is required for truly scalable quantum information technologies. Integrated nonlinear resonators are investigated as sources of quantum mechanically correlated photon pair sources. An all-order dispersion engineering method is presented as a robust design synthesis for micoring sources. In addition, a novel concept of coupled mode dispersion compensation is proposed and demonstrated, providing significantly improved performance characteristics of resonant four-wave mixing sources. Next a photon pair source is demonstrated in a commercial CMOS microelectronics process opening the door to future integration of quantum photonics with electronic logic and control circuits. Classical nonlinear optical measurements of stimulated four-wave mixing are used for the first time to accurately predict the quantum correlations from the same device operating in the photon pair regime. Next the first demonstration of fully on-chip pump rejection is demonstrated with over 95 dB pump extinction improving the figures of merit from previous demonstrations by multiple orders of magnitude, including losses, detected pair rates and size. Finally, proposals for introducing novel degrees of freedom provided by an integrated platform are presented for further improving the performance of both photon pair and classical nonlinear optical sources.
Integrated quantum photonics relies critically on the purity, scalability, integrability, and flexibility of a photon source to support diverse quantum functionalities on a single chip. Here we report a chip-scale photon-pair source on the silicon-on-insulator platform that utilizes dramatic cavity-enhanced four-wave mixing in a high-Q silicon microdisk resonator. The device is able to produce high-quality photon pairs at different wavelengths with a high spectral brightness of 6.24×10(7) pairs/s/mW(2)/GHz and photon-pair correlation with a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 1386 ± 278 while pumped with a continuous-wave laser. The superior performance, together with the structural compactness and CMOS compatibility, opens up a great avenue towards quantum silicon photonics with capability of multi-channel parallel information processing for both integrated quantum computing and long-haul quantum communication.
Integrated quantum photonic circuits are a key enabling technology for the scalability of quantum information systems. Among the available platforms, silicon photonics offers an unrivalled capability for the large-scale integration of photonic components within compact footprints. However, the strong index contrast that enables ultra-compact silicon devices also makes them highly sensitive to fabrication imperfections. As circuit complexity increases, active tuning is generally required to maintain spectral alignment among the different components, leading to significant power consumption that ultimately limit scalability. Here, we demonstrate a fully integrated silicon quantum photon-pair source operating without active tuning of any component. The circuit combines photon-pair generation in a micro-ring resonator, pump rejection using Bragg filters, and signal/idler demultiplexing through modal add-drop filters with building blocks engineered to minimize sensitivity to fabrication variations. The resulting circuit achieves excellent experimental quantum performance. Coincidence rates up to 4000 counts s^-1 with coincidence-to-accidental ratios as high as 100 are obtained across the generated spectrum, while separate two-photon interference measurements yield raw visibilities exceeding 93% for individually selected ITU wavelength-channel pairs. By eliminating the need for active spectral tuning while maintaining high quantum performance, this work addresses a major bottleneck in the scaling of complex silicon quantum photonic circuits.
Photon pair sources with the capability to tune the wavelength and correlation properties of the generated photons can be useful for quantum applications such as communication, sensing, and computing. Silicon devices based on the SOI (silicon-on-insulator) platform benefits from both tight modal confinement, due to high index contrast between core and cladding, and CMOS compatible manufacturing process, making it a suitable platform for such sources. In the present work, we discuss the possibility of using planar resonant silicon devices with bend radii of a few tens of microns as photon pair sources. We discuss that a silicon nanophotonic chip consisting of either a single microring or coupled microrings can be used to generate photon pairs around 1.55 um. We discuss that the photons are generated in multiple pairs of wavelengths and can be tuned over several nanometers, demonstrating the capability to generate wavelength division multiplexed photon pairs at freely chosen telecommunication-band wavelengths. Further on, we discuss the ease of control over the bi-photon spectrum of the generated photon pairs and its implication in controlling their correlation properties. Uncorrelated photon pairs can be used to herald a single photon, and correlated photon pairs can be used in various quantum applications such as communication and sensing. In the end, we discuss the design parameters of a single microring resonator based sources.