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Photonics

Decoherence of Higher Order Orbital Angular Momentum Entangled State in Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence

Xiang Yan, Pengfei Zhang, Boying Wu, Jinghui Zhang

Published Oct 27, 2022• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The decay of OAM entanglement in non-Kolmogorov turbulence has been numerically evaluated. In this work, we explore the evolution of OAM entanglement with higher-order OAM mode in the weak scintillation regime. In particular, the results of the numerical evaluation show that the OAM entanglement state with higher value of the azimuthal mode and larger radial quantum number survives over a longer distance. Meanwhile, the beam parameters and turbulence parameters usually have significant influences on OAM entanglement. In addition, it is demonstrated that the effect of turbulence on the OAM entanglement is the most serious when the generalized exponent is around 3.07.

DOI
10.3390/photonics9110808

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The decay of OAM entanglement in non-Kolmogorov turbulence has been numerically evaluated. In this work, we explore the evolution of OAM entanglement with higher-order OAM mode in the weak scintillation regime. In particular, the results of the numerical evaluation show that the OAM entanglement state with higher value of the azimuthal mode and larger radial quantum number survives over a longer distance. Meanwhile, the beam parameters and turbulence parameters usually have significant influences on OAM entanglement. In addition, it is demonstrated that the effect of turbulence on the OAM entanglement is the most serious when the generalized exponent is around 3.07.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) entangled photons propagating through non-Kolmogorov turbulence are studied by numerical simulations. Here, the paper uses the multiphase screen model, especially focusing on the influences of the azimuthal mode and the turbulence parameters (i.e., the generalized exponent, the outer scale of turbulence, and the inner scale of turbulence) on entanglement evolution in the weak scintillation regime. The results indicate that the azimuthal mode, the generalized exponent, and the outer scale of turbulence have obvious influences on OAM entanglement. However, the influence of the turbulence inner scale on OAM entanglement can be ignored.
Abstract The decoherence of high-dimensional orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement in the weak scintillation regime has been investigated. In this study, we simulate atmospheric turbulence by utilizing a multiple-phase screen imprinted with anisotropic non-Kolmogorov turbulence. The entanglement negativity and fidelity are introduced to quantify the entanglement of a high-dimensional OAM state. The numerical evaluation results indicate that entanglement negativity and fidelity last longer for a high-dimensional OAM state when the azimuthal mode has a lower value. Additionally, the evolution of higher-dimensional OAM entanglement is significantly influenced by OAM beam parameters and turbulence parameters. Compared to isotropic atmospheric turbulence, anisotropic turbulence has a lesser influence on high-dimensional OAM entanglement.
Two photonic qubits, initially maximally entangled in OAM modes of Hermite-Gaussian HG vortex beam, propagating through non-Kolmogorov turbulence are investigated numerically. The influences of turbulence parameter (i.e., the generalized exponent, the outer scale of turbulence, and the inner scale of turbulence) and OAM values on the entanglement evolution of two photon are investigated and compared with those of the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beam. The results indicate that the OAM entanglement to be more robust in turbulence for the higher OAM values, the higher generalized exponent. Moreover, the influence of the turbulence inner scale and outer scale on OAM entanglement can be ignored. The OAM entanglement of HG vortex beam is better than the OAM entanglement of LG beam for resisting the entanglement decoherence of atmosphere turbulence under the same conditions.
The use of Higher-dimensional entangled systems have been proved to signi cantly improve many quantum in- formation tasks. For instance, it has been shown that the use of higher-dimensional entangled systems provides a higher information capacity and an increased security in quantum cryptography. The orbital angular momentum (OAM) state of light is a potential candidate for the implementation of higher-dimensional entangled systems and has thus been considered for free-space quantum communication. However, atmospheric turbulence severely affects the OAM state of photons. In this work, we study the evolution of the OAM entanglement between two qutrits (three-dimensional quantum systems) in atmospheric turbulence both numerically and experimentally. The qutrits are photons entangled in their orbital angular momentum (OAM) states generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion. We propagate one of the photons through turbulence while leaving the other undis- turbed. To compare our results with previous work, we simulate the turbulent atmosphere with a single phase screen based on the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence and we use the tangle to quantify the amount of entangle- ment between the two qutrits. We compare our results with the evolution of OAM entanglement between two qubits.
When a pair of photons that are entangled in terms of their transverse modes, such as an orbital angular momentum (OAM) basis, propagates through atmospheric turbulence, the scintillation causes a decay of the entanglement. Here, we use numerical simulations to study how this decoherence process depends on the various dimension parameters of the system. The relevant dimension parameters are the propagation distance, the wavelength, the beam radius, and the refractive index structure constant, indicating the strength of the turbulence. We show that beyond the weak scintillation regime, the entanglement evolution cannot be accurately modeled by a single phase screen that is specified by a single dimensionless parameter. Two dimensionless parameters are necessary to describe the OAM entanglement evolution. Furthermore, it is found that higher OAM modes are not more robust in turbulence beyond the weak scintillation regime.