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Frontiers in Optics

The decay of the orbital angular momentum entanglement in turbulence

Alpha Hamadou Ibrahim, Filippus Stefanus Roux, Melanie G. McLaren, Thomas Konrad, Andrew Forbes

Published Jan 1, 2013• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The decay of the orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement is investigated experimentally. Our results show that OAM entanglement is more robust in turbulence for higher OAM values, confiming previous theoretical studies.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2013.fw4d.3

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The turbulence-induced decay of orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) entanglement between two photons is investigated numerically and experimentally. To compare our results with previous work, we simulate the turbulent atmosphere with a single phase screen based on the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence. We consider two different scenarios: in the first only one of the two photons propagates through turbulence, and in the second both photons propagate through uncorrelated turbulence. Comparing the entanglement evolution for different OAM values, we found the entanglement to be more robust in turbulence for higher OAM values. We derive an empirical formula for the distance scale at which entanglement decays in terms of the scale parameters and the OAM value.
The decay of OAM entanglement in non-Kolmogorov turbulence has been numerically evaluated. In this work, we explore the evolution of OAM entanglement with higher-order OAM mode in the weak scintillation regime. In particular, the results of the numerical evaluation show that the OAM entanglement state with higher value of the azimuthal mode and larger radial quantum number survives over a longer distance. Meanwhile, the beam parameters and turbulence parameters usually have significant influences on OAM entanglement. In addition, it is demonstrated that the effect of turbulence on the OAM entanglement is the most serious when the generalized exponent is around 3.07.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement gives access to multiple qubit and high dimensional Hilbert spaces, but is unfortunately susceptible to disturbance, decaying in real-world noisy channels. Here, we show there is an underlying topology arising from OAM entanglement that is robust to such channels, which we demonstrate using atmospheric turbulence -- exemplary of stochastic or chaotic media. Using a quantum channel with various turbulence strengths, we find the OAM topological observable preserved even though the OAM itself is shown to be highly sensitive to the turbulence. We show this is true for mixed states too, with the OAM topology intact even as the purity of the state decreases due to decoherence. Our work offers a new perspective on OAM entanglement preservation, and may easily be extended to other spatial bases, degrees of freedom, as well as complex channels, whether static or dynamic.
In this study, we introduce the phase correlation arc of an orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam to investigate the evolution of OAM entanglement. We reveal that the entanglement decay of all OAM states of Laguerre-Gaussian modes in atmospheric turbulence is universal via both numerical predictions and experimental data. A similar evolution law is also theoretically confirmed to exist in Bessel-Gaussian modes. Finally, by using the phase correlation arc, the precise formula of the decay distance dependence on the OAM number is derived, and it exhibits excellent agreement with previous experimental conclusions.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement gives access to multiple qubit and high dimensional Hilbert spaces but is unfortunately susceptible to disturbance, decaying in real-world noisy channels. Here, we show that an underlying topology arising from OAM entanglement remains robust to such channels, which we demonstrate using atmospheric turbulence-exemplary of stochastic or chaotic media. Using a quantum channel with various turbulence strengths, we find that the OAM topological observable is preserved even though the OAM itself is shown to be highly sensitive to the turbulence. We show this is true for mixed states too, with the OAM topology intact even as the purity of the state decreases due to decoherence. Our Letter offers a new perspective on harnessing OAM entanglement in noisy channels, and may easily be extended to other spatial bases, degrees of freedom, and complex channels.
Abstract The decoherence of high-dimensional orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement in the weak scintillation regime has been investigated. In this study, we simulate atmospheric turbulence by utilizing a multiple-phase screen imprinted with anisotropic non-Kolmogorov turbulence. The entanglement negativity and fidelity are introduced to quantify the entanglement of a high-dimensional OAM state. The numerical evaluation results indicate that entanglement negativity and fidelity last longer for a high-dimensional OAM state when the azimuthal mode has a lower value. Additionally, the evolution of higher-dimensional OAM entanglement is significantly influenced by OAM beam parameters and turbulence parameters. Compared to isotropic atmospheric turbulence, anisotropic turbulence has a lesser influence on high-dimensional OAM entanglement.