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Photonics

Electromagnetically Induced Grating of Surface Polaritons via Coherent Population Oscillation

Yu Duan, Shengyan Liu, Chaohua Tan

Published Sep 27, 2022• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a scheme to study the electromagnetically induced grating (EIG) of surface polaritons (SPs) in a negative index metamaterial/rare-earth-ion-doped crystal interface waveguide system, based on coherent population oscillation (CPO) modulating by a standing wave control field. Absorption grating can be formed via the large absorption modulation induced by the linear susceptibility of the system; the diffraction of SPs can be realized but with a very small first-order diffraction efficiency and the phase modulation in this case, is negligible. However, when the giant Kerr nonlinearity is taken into account, the phase modulation can be significantly enhanced and accompanied by high transmission at the same time, thus, a phase grating, which effectively diffracts SPs into a high-order direction, can be induced. For both the absorption and phase grating, the dependencies of the first-order diffraction efficiency on the Rabi frequency of the standing wave control field, optical detuning, and interaction length are discussed. The results obtained here have certain theoretical significance for spectral enhancements and precision measurements at the micro–nanoscales.

DOI
10.3390/photonics9100697

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We propose a scheme to study the electromagnetically induced grating (EIG) of surface polaritons (SPs) in a negative index metamaterial/rare-earth-ion-doped crystal interface waveguide system, based on coherent population oscillation (CPO) modulating by a standing wave control field. Absorption grating can be formed via the large absorption modulation induced by the linear susceptibility of the system; the diffraction of SPs can be realized but with a very small first-order diffraction efficiency and the phase modulation in this case, is negligible. However, when the giant Kerr nonlinearity is taken into account, the phase modulation can be significantly enhanced and accompanied by high transmission at the same time, thus, a phase grating, which effectively diffracts SPs into a high-order direction, can be induced. For both the absorption and phase grating, the dependencies of the first-order diffraction efficiency on the Rabi frequency of the standing wave control field, optical detuning, and interaction length are discussed. The results obtained here have certain theoretical significance for spectral enhancements and precision measurements at the micro–nanoscales.
Electromagnetically induced phase grating is theoretically investigated in the driven two-level quantum dot exciton system at the presence of the exciton-phonon interactions. Due to the phonon-induced coherent population oscillation, the dispersion and absorption spectra are sharply changed and the phase modulation is enhanced via the high refractive index with nearly-vanishing absorption, which could effectively diffract a weak probe light into the first-order direction with the help of a standing-wave control field. Moreover, the diffraction efficiency of the grating can be easily manipulated by controlling the Huang-Rhys factor representing the exciton-phonon coupling, the intensity and detuning of the control field, and the detuning of the probe field. The scheme we present has potential applications in the photon devices for optical-switching and optical-imaging in the micro-nano solid-state system.
We theoretically study the spatial focusing of surface polaritons (SPs) in a negative index metamaterial-atomic gas interface waveguide system, based on cross phase modulation (XPM) in a tripod type double electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) scheme. In the linear region, we realize the low-loss stable propagation of SPs, and the group velocities of the probe and signal fields are well matched via double EIT. In the nonlinear region, we show that giant enhancement of the XPM can be obtained. Using a narrow optical soliton in free space, we realize spatial focusing of the SPs solitons, including bright, multi bright, and gray solitons. The full width at the half-maximum of the SPs soliton can be compressed to about ten nanometers, thus, even nanofocusing can be obtained. The results obtained her e have certain theoretical significance for nano-scale sensing, spectral enhancement and precision measurement.
We propose a scheme for realizing electromagnetically induced grating via the giant Kerr nonlinearity in a coherently driven four-level system with spontaneously generated coherence. In the presence of spontaneously generated coherence, Kerr nonlinearity can be enhanced with vanishing linear absorption. Thus, with a standing-wave coupling field, one can achieve a pure absorption grating, which leads the probe field to gather the zero-order direction when the detuning of the coupling field is on resonance. Moreover, we can obtain a pure phase grating, which diffracts a weak probe light into the first-order direction and the second-order direction when the detuning of the coupling field is off resonance.
A new scheme to investigate an electromagnetically induced grating in an N-type configuration in the presence of a strong-standing coupling field, additional coherent fields, and microwave driven fields is presented. By considering the coherent population trapping (CPT) condition in a four-level microwave driven N-type atomic system, a novel nonlinear optical storage is obtained via linear absorption vanishing and giant Kerr nonlinearity during light propagation. It is revealed that nonlinear properties in this atomic medium are maximum in the CPT condition, and these nonlinear properties could be affected and modulated by means of a microwave driven field. In this condition high-phase modulated diffraction efficiency is attained. The diffraction pattern is sensitive to variables of the phase and amplitude of microwave field. Consequently one can control the efficiency of different orders of grating more conveniently. The first-order diffraction efficiency of the grating, about 45%, can be obtained by choosing optimum values for the phase and amplitude of the microwave field. It is shown that the phase and modulation grating could be controlled effectively by atomic field-radiation parameters such as the interaction length L of atomic samples and applied field detunings. It has been noted that a novel fast communication device could be obtained at the zero absorption point and on the superluminal light level.
An electromagnetically induced phase grating (EIG) controlled by coherent population trapping (CPT) in a four-level Y-type atomic system is studied. The CPT condition promotes significantly the dispersion of light into the first-order diffraction in constructing a phase modulation grating by transferring energy from zero-order to first-order diffraction. The diffraction efficiency of the phase grating is enhanced by up to 30% of the total probe intensity at the first-order diffraction. The present atomic scheme takes full advantage of the microwave-driven field for generating the EIG, which induces the quantum coherence and controls linear and nonlinear behaviors of the present system. Furthermore, it is noticed that the higher-order diffraction intensities are improved via a microwave-driven field and the phase and amplitude of the microwave field can improve the efficiency of the phase grating. These novel results could find potential applications in developing new photonic devices, such as all-optical switching at low light levels.
Based on the coherent population trapping theory, a new physical model of the electromagnetically induced grating (EIG) is proposed. Analytical expression of the dielectric susceptibility is derived using this model. Owing to the atomic coherence, introduced by the coherent population trapping, three regions of dielectric susceptibility, i.e., a gain region, a region with no absorption and high-refraction index, and a dark region, are formed. Based on this model and the energy level of 87Rb, a novel scheme to implement the diffraction grating is proposed. Moreover, theoretical analysis and calculation of this grating are carried out. The results show that in the region with no absorption and high refractive index, the grating presents a pure phase grating and the first-order diffraction intensity can reach 0.4. In the gain region, however, the grating is a combination of phase grating and amplitude grating, and at its largest-gain point, the maximum of the first-order diffraction efficiency arrives at 1.26, and the second-order diffraction efficiency can also increase to 0.31.