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Noise and correlation measurements using single atom detection

Valentina Krachmalnicoff, Denis Boiron, A. Perrin, Hong Chang, M. Schellekens, Jean-Christophe Jaskula, Vanessa Y. F. Leung, Alain Aspect, Christoph Ira Westbrook

Published Mar 7, 2008• 0 citations
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Single atoms are detected and their motion measured for the first time to our knowledge by the fluorescence photon- burst method in the presence of large quantities of buffer gas. A single-clipped digital correlator records the photon burst in real time and displays the atom's transit time across the laser beam. A comparison is made of the special requirements for single-atom detection in vacuum and in a buffer gas. Finally, the probability distribution of the bursts from many atoms is measured. It further proves that the bursts observed on resonance are due to single atoms and pot simply to noise fluctuations.
This chapter is devoted to various detection methods that can be used for ultracold atoms, with emphasis on those which cannot be realised in condensed matter systems. It starts by discussing time of flight methods that allow measurement of first order correlations, and then explains time of flight methods and noise correlations, which allow for the determining of higher order correlations. Bragg Spectroscopy and optical Bragg diffraction are then presented. Finally, the chapter discusses the methods exclusive for ultracold atoms: single atom detectors and quantum polarization spectroscopy.
In this article, the quantum correlation measurement technique as a method of power noise monitoring is investigated. Its principal idea of correlating two photodetector signals is introduced and contrasted to the conventional approach, which uses only a single photodetector. We discuss how this scheme can be used to obtain power noise information below the shot noise of the detected beam and also below the electronic dark noise of the individual photodetectors, both of which is not possible with the conventional approach. Furthermore, experimental results are presented, that demonstrate a detection of technical laser power noise one order of magnitude below the shot noise of the detected beam.