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Chemical Physics Letters

Fluctuation experiments on atomic and molecular systems using the one-atom detector

J.L. Iturbe, S. L. Allman, G. S. Hurst, M. G. Payne

Published Dec 1, 1982• 4 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/0009-2614(82)83221-1

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We describe the use of a microphone for detection of atomic and molecular beams in a high-vacuum environment. Two experiments were carried out to demonstrate this detection method. Pulsed beams of argon were detected using a conventional electret microphone where the output of the microphone was displayed directly on an oscilloscope or processed with a boxcar averager to remove the transient oscillations of the microphone diaphragm. Amplitude modulated, continuous beams of atomic argon were also detected using a lock-in amplifier. The microphone possesses a response to the pressure or momentum flux in the beam that appears to be unique among beam detectors. We use the classical equipartition theorem to calculate the magnitude of the random fluctuations in the output voltage of the microphone that is used to give an expression for the minimum detectable momentum flux in the beam. For a typical microphone we find this to be 3×10−8 Pa, (in a 1-Hz bandwidth), which corresponds to a minimum number density of 1×106 cm−3 for an effusive argon beam at 300 K.
Abstract Feshbach molecules forming a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) behave as non-ideal bosonic particles due to their underlying fermionic structure. We study the observable consequences of the fermion exchange interactions in the interference of molecular BECs for entangled-enhanced precision measurements. Our many-body treatment of the molecular condensate is based on an ansatz of composite two-fermion bosons which accounts for all possible fermion exchange correlations present in the system. The Pauli principle acts prohibitively on the particle fluctuations during the interference process leading to a loss of precision in phase estimations. However, we find that, in the regime where molecular dissociations do not jeopardize the interference dynamics, measurements of the phase can still be performed with a precision beyond the classical limit comparable to atomic interferometers. We also show that the effects of Pauli principle increases with the noise of the particle detectors such that molecular interferometers would require more efficient detectors.
We study a one-dimensional gas of fermionic atoms interacting via an s-wave molecular Feshbach resonance. At low energies the system is characterized by two Josephson-coupled Luttinger liquids, corresponding to paired atomic and molecular superfluids. We show that, in contrast to higher dimensions, the system exhibits a quantum phase transition from a phase in which the two superfluids are locked together to one in which, at low energies, quantum fluctuations suppress the Feshbach resonance (Josephson) coupling, effectively decoupling the molecular and atomic superfluids. Experimental signatures of this quantum transition include the appearance of an out-of-phase gapless mode (in addition to the standard gapless in-phase mode) in the spectrum of the decoupled superfluid phase and a discontinuous change in the molecular momentum distribution function.