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Mathematics

Quantum Steganography Based on the B92 Quantum Protocol

Alexandru-Gabriel Tudorache, Vasile Manta, Simona Caraiman

Published Aug 11, 2022• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper presents a communication algorithm in which a grayscale image, shared between two parties, can be used to transmit a secret message, by applying the idea introduced in the B92 quantum protocol. The least significant qubits of the pixels’ representation in certain regions of the image are used. With the help of a server, the algorithm generates a random message, which can further act as a secret key for cryptographic algorithms in order to secure the data that two parties might want to exchange later on. The chosen representation of the image is NEQR (novel enhanced quantum representation) and the platform used for testing the described idea is IBM Quantum Experience, along with the open-source Python framework called Qiskit. This solution allows users to design, implement quantum circuits (containing various quantum gates), and simulate them using real devices and local simulators. An implementation using this platform for a sample image and the corresponding results are also presented in this paper.

DOI
10.3390/math10162870

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This paper presents a communication algorithm in which a grayscale image, shared between two parties, can be used to transmit a secret message, by applying the idea introduced in the B92 quantum protocol. The least significant qubits of the pixels’ representation in certain regions of the image are used. With the help of a server, the algorithm generates a random message, which can further act as a secret key for cryptographic algorithms in order to secure the data that two parties might want to exchange later on. The chosen representation of the image is NEQR (novel enhanced quantum representation) and the platform used for testing the described idea is IBM Quantum Experience, along with the open-source Python framework called Qiskit. This solution allows users to design, implement quantum circuits (containing various quantum gates), and simulate them using real devices and local simulators. An implementation using this platform for a sample image and the corresponding results are also presented in this paper.
This paper illustrates the way a proposed quantum voting scheme can be designed in combination with a steganography technique called Least Significant Bit (LSB), by modifying a small number of pixels in multiple grayscale images. It combines the voting scheme with the novel enhanced quantum representation (NEQR) of an image, where the LSBs of these pixels represent the vote for each entity that takes part in the voting process. A server is also used, not only to count but also to guarantee the integrity of the votes (which is done inherently, by its design and quantum properties). The superdense coding circuit is part of the design, allowing each voter to use one qubit in order to transmit two classical bits (the vote value). The selected platform for testing this scheme is IBM Quantum Experience, together with the open-source framework called Qiskit (written in Python). This framework allows users to create various quantum circuits, using a wide selection of quantum gates, and then to simulate them, either on a simulator or on a real quantum device. The quantum circuits and the measurement results are also presented in this paper.
This paper describes a novel steganography algorithm that combines quantum computing with the least significant bit technique (LSB). Using the quantum properties, along with the Python programming language and the Qiskit framework for the circuit simulation, a sub-image can be hidden inside a usual image. For a gray image, this article presents how the LSB of each of the first 16 pixels on the edges can be used to hide two threshold values, that are then used to filter out the image and reveal the secret message. The speedup, compared to the classical version, is possible due to the quantum representation of an image (NEQR is used in this paper) and the efficiency of the novel multi-bit quantum comparators.
As one of important research branches of quantum information hiding, quantum steganography embeds secret information into quantum images for covert communication by integrating quantum secure communication technology and classical steganography. In this paper, based on the novel enhanced quantum representation (NEQR), a novel quantum steganography algorithm is proposed to transfer secret information by virtue of quantum watermarked image. In order to achieve this goal, the least significant qubit (LSQb) of quantum carrier image is replaced with the secret information by implementing quantum circuit. Compared with the previous quantum steganography algorithms, the communicating parties can recover the secret information tampered, meanwhile the tampers can be located effectively. In the experiment result, the peak signal-to-noise ratios (PSNRs) are calculated for different quantum watermarked images and quantum watermarks, which demonstrate the imperceptibility of the algorithm is good and the secret information embedded can be recovered by virtue of its self-adaptive mechanism.
This research delves into the realm of quantum steganography, where the concealment and encoding of secret messages within colored images are achieved through the ingenious integration of quantum gates and qubits. Using the Qiskit platform by IBM and Python, an innovative application was developed for the encoding and decoding of covert information. The study addresses the problem of bolstering data security in an era of advancing technology, where classical steganographic methods may become vulnerable to quantum threats. The approach leverages the unique quantum properties of qubits, their superposition, and entanglement, to ensure an unprecedented level of security. Key findings reveal the viability of quantum steganography is a powerful tool for secure data concealment and transmission. The research's significance lies in its potential to redefine data protection paradigms, safeguarding sensitive information in an increasingly interconnected and vulnerable digital landscape.
Quantum computing combines computer science with quantum mechanics, and it is a fast-growing research field. The theory of quantum computing has become significant in the secure transmission of keys which can be achieved by implementing quantum mechanics such as polarization. It uses quantum states to permit the classical information and uses quantum entanglement to ensure reliable transmission creating a secure channel. The elementary unit of quantum information is a quantum bit (qubit). These qubits can be transmitted as a two-state system such as spin-half, a two-level atom. The qubits can also be manipulated using polarization techniques. One drawback of quantum computing is side channel attacks which make the information transmitted vulnerable, the attacker can eavesdrop, decline the integrity of the information or the attacker can target the physical implementation of quantum algorithms. Therefore, to prevent side-channel attacks, this paper focuses on developing a novel approach to detect the side-channel attack and rectify the same within a fraction of a second to improve resiliency. The paper initially converts the user-defined key into binary and applies an encryption algorithm to create an image, serving as cover data for the hidden message. After appropriate polarizer selection, the encrypted key is transmitted through a quantum channel. Verification ensures no tampering or eavesdropping, and the image with the hidden message is shared via a classical channel with the intended recipient. Comparative analysis with traditional key security methods, alongside monitoring for third-party eavesdropping using a quantum key simulator, demonstrates the proposed system's over 99% enhancement in secret key security.
Secure communication has always been a key concern while sharing information between two parties. Traditional and lightweight cryptography primitives and protocols are insecure against quantum attacks. The objective of cryptography is to ensure confidentiality, integrity, authentication and non-repudiation between both parties. Quantum key distribution is a safe and sound method for communication between two parties to share their information. However early applications with applied limitations lead to open ambiguities, permitting an eavesdropper to breach the security of quantum cryptographic system. This research proposes a framework for quantum key distribution using B92 protocol. The B92 protocol allows two different users A to share their polarized photons with high security and without any interruption of Eavesdropper. While B92 protocol generates a secrete key, that is known to just sender and receiver. The use of QuVis framework can provide this secure communication and photons are transferred to Bob securely without any Eavesdropper.