As one of important research branches of quantum information hiding, quantum steganography embeds secret information into quantum images for covert communication by integrating quantum secure communication technology and classical steganography. In this paper, based on the novel enhanced quantum representation (NEQR), a novel quantum steganography algorithm is proposed to transfer secret information by virtue of quantum watermarked image. In order to achieve this goal, the least significant qubit (LSQb) of quantum carrier image is replaced with the secret information by implementing quantum circuit. Compared with the previous quantum steganography algorithms, the communicating parties can recover the secret information tampered, meanwhile the tampers can be located effectively. In the experiment result, the peak signal-to-noise ratios (PSNRs) are calculated for different quantum watermarked images and quantum watermarks, which demonstrate the imperceptibility of the algorithm is good and the secret information embedded can be recovered by virtue of its self-adaptive mechanism.
As one of important research branches of quantum information hiding, quantum steganography embeds secret information into quantum images for covert communication by integrating quantum secure communication technology and classical steganography. In this paper, based on the novel enhanced quantum representation (NEQR), a novel quantum steganography algorithm is proposed to transfer secret information by virtue of quantum watermarked image. In order to achieve this goal, the least significant qubit (LSQb) of quantum carrier image is replaced with the secret information by implementing quantum circuit. Compared with the previous quantum steganography algorithms, the communicating parties can recover the secret information tampered, meanwhile the tampers can be located effectively. In the experiment result, the peak signal-to-noise ratios (PSNRs) are calculated for different quantum watermarked images and quantum watermarks, which demonstrate the imperceptibility of the algorithm is good and the secret information embedded can be recovered by virtue of its self-adaptive mechanism.
With the development of Globe Energy Internet, quantum steganography has been used for information hiding to improve copyright protection. Based on secure quantum communication protocol, and flexible steganography, secret information is embedded in quantum images in covert communication. Under the premise of guaranteeing the quality of the quantum image, the secret information is transmitted safely with virtue of good imperceptibility. A novel quantum watermark algorithm is proposed in the paper, based on the shared group key value of the communication parties and the transmission of the selected carrier map pixel gray higher than 8 bits. According to the shared group key value of the communication parties, the two effective Bell state qubits of the carried quantum streak image are replaced with secret information. Compared with the existing algorithms, the new algorithm improves the robustness of the secret information itself and the execution efficiency of its embedding and extraction. Experimental simulation and performance analysis also show that the novel algorithm has an excellent performance in transparency, robustness and embedded capacity.
Embedding secret information into quantum carrier image for covert communication is one of significant research fields of quantum secure communication. Using good imperceptibility and high embedding efficiency of matrix coding, this paper proposes a novel matrix coding-based quantum steganography algorithm for quantum color images. In order to better apply matrix coding in actual demand, two different embedding methods are proposed. One embedding method is single pixel-embedded (1, 3, 2) coding, called SPE (1, 3, 2) coding for short. This method embeds two qubits of secret information into three least significant qubits (LSQbs) of a single pixel of quantum carrier image, and at most only one LSQb would be changed. The other embedding method is the multiple pixels-embedded (1, 3, 2) coding, called MPsE (1, 3, 2) coding, in which three LSQbs of multiple carrier pixels are utilized to embed two secret qubits. On account of experimental simulation obtained in the MATLAB environment, it shows that the new algorithm has good performance in the imperceptibility, the security, the embedding efficiency, and the embedding capacity.
As one of essential multimedia in quantum networks, the copyright protection of quantum audio has gradually become an important issue in the domain of quantum information hiding in the decades. In this paper, an improved quantum watermarking algorithm based on quantum audio by using least significant qubit (LSQb) modification is proposed. Compared with the previous achievements, it can effectively improve the robustness and security of watermark for copyright protection of quantum audio. In the new algorithm, the least significant bites and the peripheral least significant bits of the amplitudes are modified in terms of their logical consistency and correlation to enhance watermark robustness of resisting various illegal attacks. Furthermore, the new algorithm can avoid the weak robustness defect of many previous algorithms that directly embedded the watermark into the least significant bits. In order to implement the new algorithm, some specific quantum circuits are designed to obtain better applicability and scalability for embedding and extracting watermark. Finally, the simulation results including the values of audio waveforms and signal to noise ratios (SNR) prove that the new algorithm has good transparency, robustness, and security.
Quantum image watermarking technology is influenced by embedding algorithm, which permanently distorts the embedded quantum carrier image.To protect and authenticate quantum images without damaging the carrier images, this study proposed a quantum image reversible watermarking algorithm combining the most significant qubit (MSQb) and the least significant qubit (LSQb).First, a binary watermark image, a grayscale carrier image, and an empty key image were represented using the novel enhanced quantum representation of digital images.Second, the encrypted qubit of the binary watermark image was matched with the MSQb of the carrier image.If they were equal, then the high qubit of the quantum key image was flipped.Otherwise, the encrypted qubit of the binary watermark image was matched with the XOR value of the lowest two qubits of the carrier image.The LSQb of the carrier image was modified according to the matching result.Finally, the quantum watermarked image was obtained.Simulation experiments and theoretical analysis verified the feasibility and watermark performance of the scheme.Results demonstrate that the scheme achieves correct extraction of quantum image watermark and lossless restoration of original image.The visual quality PSNR of the carrier image embedded with watermark through the scheme is improved by approximately 4% compared with that through the traditional LSQb method.The study provides a reference for studying and implementing reversible image watermarking technology in the era of quantum computer, which can be applied to harsh copyright protection and authentication of the visual quality of the original carrier image.
In order to boost the security and confidentiality of information in quantum images, on the foundation of the NEQR model, a novel quantum watermarking scheme combining quantum Hilbert scrambling with steganography based on the Moiré fringe is designed in this paper. First of all, for carrier image, and watermark image, the color information and position information are denoted, respectively, by the NEQR model. Next, the watermark image is converted to a disordered image by quantum Hilbert scrambling, and the message of the original watermark image cannot be gained from the disordered image. At last, the watermark image after scrambling is embedded into the carrier image through the steganography of the Moiré fringe, obtaining the watermarked image. Due to the unitary image of the quantum gate, quantum Hilbert inverse scrambling is the opposite process of quantum Hilbert scrambling. In addition, the watermark image can be completely extracted from the watermarked image. What’s more, the experimental simulation and performance analysis of the scheme are done. The experimental simulation proves the feasibility of this algorithm. Visually, there is no difference between the carrier image and the watermarked image. The PSNR between the watermarked image and the carrier image is measured, which quantitatively shows the high similarity. In addition, the time complexity of the quantum circuit is lower than some other quantum image watermarking schemes, which proves the simplicity of this scheme.
Abstract Quantum steganography is an advanced method of hiding information within quantum systems, leveraging the unique properties of quantum mechanics-such as superposition, entanglement, and the no-cloning theorem-to achieve unbreakable secrecy. Quantum steganography provides perfect secrecy against both classical and quantum hacking, making it a cutting-edge technology in cybersecurity. This paper introduces a quantum steganography technique that builds on the advantages of of Novel Enhanced Quantum Representation (NEQR) of digital imaging and integrates quantum-resistant solutions for secure (biometric) transmission, anti-spoofing, and privacy-preserving authentication. Our analysis and experiments have shown that our approach is robust against several types of attacks, and offers protection against both current and future threats while maintaining the steganographic property of imperceptibility and capacity, making it one of the best options for secret information transmission.