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Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition

Remotely prepared structured wave lattices

Andrew Cameron, Sandra W. L. Cheng, Sacha Schwarz, Connor Kapahi, Dusan Sarenac, Michael Grabowecky, David G. Cory, Thomas D. Jennewein, Dmitry A. Pushin, Kevin J. Resch

Published Jan 1, 2022• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Spin-orbit entangled photon states with a 2D lattice structure are generated and implemented in a remote state preparation protocol. These novel structured waves provide a method for quantum sensing and manipulation of periodic structures.
DOI
10.1364/quantum.2022.qth4a.3

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quant-pharXiv:2610.00832•Oct 2, 2026•0 citations
Optical beams with periodic lattice structures have broadened the study of structured waves. In the present work, we generate spin-orbit entangled photon states with a lattice structure and use them in a remote state preparation protocol. We sequentially measure spatially-dependent correlation rates with an electron-multiplying intensified CCD camera and verify the successful remote preparation of spin-orbit states by performing pixel-wise quantum state tomography. Control of these novel structured waves in the quantum regime provides a method for quantum sensing and manipulation of periodic structures.
The thesis introduces two single-photon experiments with the lattice of spin-orbit arrays. The basic background knowledge has been introduced in Chapter 1. Chapters 2-4 describe the detailed techniques used in these two experiments. \n \nIn the first work, we implement a remote state preparation protocol on our single-photon orbital angular momentum (OAM) lattice state via hybrid-entanglement. Remote state preparation is a variant of quantum state teleportation where the sender knows the transmitted state. It is known to require fewer classical resources and exhibit a nontrivial trade-off between the entanglement and classical communication compared with quantum teleportation. Here we propose a state preparation scheme between two spatially separated photons sharing a hybrid-entangled polarization-OAM state. By sending one of the polarization-entangled photon pairs through Lattice of Optical Vortex prism pairs, we generate a two-dimensional lattice of spin-orbit coupled single-photons. We show that the measurement taken by an electron-multiplying intensified CCD camera on the transformed photons can be remotely prepared by the polarization projection of the other. Our protocol could have a significant impact on long-distance quantum communication with higher channel capacity and lead to more efficient and compatible quantum information processing techniques. \n \nThe second experiment investigates the single-photon Talbot Effect in spin-orbit arrays. The Talbot Effect is a near-field diffraction effect, that occurs with the propagation of periodically structured waves. It has enabled several unique applications in optical metrology, image processing, data transmission, and matter-wave interferometry. We observe that upon propagation, the wavefronts of the single photons manifest self-imaging whereby the OAM lattice intensity profile is recovered. Furthermore, we show that the intensity distribution at each fractional Talbot distance is indicative of the periodic helical phase structure corresponding to a lattice of OAM states. This phenomenon is a significant addition to the toolbox of orbital angular momentum and spin-orbit techniques that are becoming increasingly important in optical implementations of quantum information.
Single photons are naturally suited to quantum information processes as they can carry entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom and maintain coherence easily. In order to fully harness single photons for this use, it is vital to be able to mould, manipulate and measure their properties in all of these degrees of freedom. In the spirit of working towards this overarching goal, this thesis consists of two experiments that control and evaluate entangled single photon pairs. \n \nIn the first, we generate lattices of spin-orbit entangled photon states which are used in a remote state preparation protocol. The success of the protocol is confirmed by using an electron-multiplying intensified CCD camera and a pixelwise tomography technique. We propose that these hybrid lattice states be used in quantum communications, and quantum sensing and control. The pixelwise analysis may also be helpful for observing other spatially-dependent entangled states. \n \nIn the second, one partner of an energy-time entangled pair is sent through an ultrafast switch which functions by the optical Kerr effect. It is a work-in-progress with the goal of demonstrating a sub-picosecond switching speed for the further manipulation of single photons. All-optical switching is not limited by electronic speed which makes it important for applications for classical and quantum communications, and imaging and microscopy applications. In particular, we propose that this all-optical Kerr switch is used for the reconstruction of a two-photon entangled state in a third-order cross-correlation.
Remote state preparation is a fundamental quantum-information protocol that exploits prior knowledge of a target state to reduce the communication resources required for quantum-state distribution. Here, we propose a remote-state-preparation protocol for a stationary electron-spin qubit using hybrid entanglement between the electron spin and a coherent-state light pulse, generated by spin-dependent reflection from a spin-cavity system. Unlike single-photon encodings, the coherent-state encoding is naturally tolerant of photon loss: a loss channel attenuates the coherent-state amplitude, leading to a gradual reduction in preparation fidelity rather than probabilistic protocol failure. The central difficulty---implementing the projection onto superpositions of nonorthogonal coherent states required in the conventional protocol---is circumvented by coupling the transmitted pulse to an auxiliary spin, followed by homodyne detection and a spin projective measurement. The protocol therefore avoids direct coherent-state-superposition measurements and photon-number-resolving detection. In the ideal limit, deterministic preparation of a particular class of target states can be achieved using only one bit of classical communication. We analytically quantify the effects of coherent-state nonorthogonality, fiber loss, and spin dephasing on the preparation fidelity. Increasing the coherent-state amplitude improves state distinguishability and hence the preparation fidelity, but also enhances which-branch information leakage caused by photon loss, resulting in an optimal amplitude at each transmission distance. For experimentally relevant parameters, the optimized average fidelity remains well above the classical benchmark over distances of tens of kilometers. We also discuss a possible implementation using diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers.