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arXiv:2106.08428 · Physical Review A

Remote state preparation of single-photon orbital-angular-momentum lattices

Andrew Cameron, Sandra W. L. Cheng, Sacha Schwarz, Connor Kapahi, Dusan Sarenac, Michael Grabowecky, David G. Cory, Thomas D. Jennewein, Dmitry A. Pushin, Kevin J. Resch

Published Nov 22, 2021• 22 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Optical beams with periodic lattice structures have broadened the study of structured waves. In the present work, we generate spin-orbit entangled photon states with a lattice structure and use them in a remote state preparation protocol. We sequentially measure spatially-dependent correlation rates with an electron-multiplying intensified CCD camera and verify the successful remote preparation of spin-orbit states by performing pixel-wise quantum state tomography. Control of these novel structured waves in the quantum regime provides a method for quantum sensing and manipulation of periodic structures.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.104.l051701

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Optical beams with periodic lattice structures have broadened the study of structured waves. In the present work, we generate spin-orbit entangled photon states with a lattice structure and use them in a remote state preparation protocol. We sequentially measure spatially-dependent correlation rates with an electron-multiplying intensified CCD camera and verify the successful remote preparation of spin-orbit states by performing pixel-wise quantum state tomography. Control of these novel structured waves in the quantum regime provides a method for quantum sensing and manipulation of periodic structures.
The thesis introduces two single-photon experiments with the lattice of spin-orbit arrays. The basic background knowledge has been introduced in Chapter 1. Chapters 2-4 describe the detailed techniques used in these two experiments. \n \nIn the first work, we implement a remote state preparation protocol on our single-photon orbital angular momentum (OAM) lattice state via hybrid-entanglement. Remote state preparation is a variant of quantum state teleportation where the sender knows the transmitted state. It is known to require fewer classical resources and exhibit a nontrivial trade-off between the entanglement and classical communication compared with quantum teleportation. Here we propose a state preparation scheme between two spatially separated photons sharing a hybrid-entangled polarization-OAM state. By sending one of the polarization-entangled photon pairs through Lattice of Optical Vortex prism pairs, we generate a two-dimensional lattice of spin-orbit coupled single-photons. We show that the measurement taken by an electron-multiplying intensified CCD camera on the transformed photons can be remotely prepared by the polarization projection of the other. Our protocol could have a significant impact on long-distance quantum communication with higher channel capacity and lead to more efficient and compatible quantum information processing techniques. \n \nThe second experiment investigates the single-photon Talbot Effect in spin-orbit arrays. The Talbot Effect is a near-field diffraction effect, that occurs with the propagation of periodically structured waves. It has enabled several unique applications in optical metrology, image processing, data transmission, and matter-wave interferometry. We observe that upon propagation, the wavefronts of the single photons manifest self-imaging whereby the OAM lattice intensity profile is recovered. Furthermore, we show that the intensity distribution at each fractional Talbot distance is indicative of the periodic helical phase structure corresponding to a lattice of OAM states. This phenomenon is a significant addition to the toolbox of orbital angular momentum and spin-orbit techniques that are becoming increasingly important in optical implementations of quantum information.
Single photons are naturally suited to quantum information processes as they can carry entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom and maintain coherence easily. In order to fully harness single photons for this use, it is vital to be able to mould, manipulate and measure their properties in all of these degrees of freedom. In the spirit of working towards this overarching goal, this thesis consists of two experiments that control and evaluate entangled single photon pairs. \n \nIn the first, we generate lattices of spin-orbit entangled photon states which are used in a remote state preparation protocol. The success of the protocol is confirmed by using an electron-multiplying intensified CCD camera and a pixelwise tomography technique. We propose that these hybrid lattice states be used in quantum communications, and quantum sensing and control. The pixelwise analysis may also be helpful for observing other spatially-dependent entangled states. \n \nIn the second, one partner of an energy-time entangled pair is sent through an ultrafast switch which functions by the optical Kerr effect. It is a work-in-progress with the goal of demonstrating a sub-picosecond switching speed for the further manipulation of single photons. All-optical switching is not limited by electronic speed which makes it important for applications for classical and quantum communications, and imaging and microscopy applications. In particular, we propose that this all-optical Kerr switch is used for the reconstruction of a two-photon entangled state in a third-order cross-correlation.
There exists two prominent methods to transfer information between two spatially separated parties, namely Alice (A) and Bob (B): quantum teleportation and remote state preparation. However, the difference between these methods is, in the teleportation scheme, the state to be transferred is completely unknown, whereas in state preparation it should be known to the sender. In addition, photonic state teleportation is probabilistic due to the impossibility of performing a two-particle complete Bell-state analysis with linear optics, while remote state preparation can be performed deterministically. Here we report the first realization of photonic hybrid remote state preparation from spin to orbital angular momentum degrees of freedom. In our scheme, the polarization state of photon A is transferred to orbital angular momentum of photon B. The prepared states are visualized in real time by means of an intensified CCD camera. The quality of the prepared states is verified by performing quantum state tomography, which confirms an average fidelity higher than 99.4%. We believe that this experiment paves the way towards a novel means of quantum communication in which encryption and decryption are carried out in naturally different Hilbert spaces, and therefore may provide a means for enhancing security.
Quantum teleportation faces increasingly demanding requirements for transmitting large or even entangled systems. However, knowledge of the state to be transmitted eases its reconstruction, resulting in a protocol known as remote state preparation. A number of experimental demonstrations to date have been restricted to single-qubit systems. We report the remote preparation of two-qubit "hybrid" entangled states, including a family of vector-polarization beams. Our single-photon states are encoded in the photon spin and orbital angular momentum. We reconstruct the states by spin-orbit state tomography and transverse polarization tomography. The high fidelities achieved for the vector-polarization states opens the door to optimal coupling of down-converted photons to other physical systems, such as an atom, as required for scalable quantum networks, or plasmons in photonic nanostructures.
We propose a minimal quantum-optical scheme for generating hybrid entanglement between photon polarization and electronic orbital angular momentum in a semiconductor quantum disk. A spin--orbit structured two-photon state excites two channels in the same disk: a radiatively recombining zero-orbital-angular-momentum channel and a finite-orbital-angular-momentum channel that stores the electronic orbital qubit. An effective coherent mapping prepares a selected two-excitation state, followed by emission of a photon whose polarization is entangled with the residual electronic orbital state. A master-equation analysis shows that the heralded state conditioned on single-photon occupation of the selected output mode approaches the target entangled state in the ideal coherent limit. We also discuss orbital relaxation and perturbative validity conditions for branch-dependent Coulomb shifts, orbital-angular-momentum mixing, and finite-orbital-angular-momentum radiative leakage. This proof-of-principle effective model suggests a route toward structured-light-mediated photon--electron hybrid entanglement in semiconductor nanostructures.