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Journal of Applied Physics

Quantum correlations of exciton–polaritons induced by magnetic field

Adam Sulieman Ibrahim Abdalla, Suliman Alameen, K. Ayuel, Ahmed Mohamed Dafalla, Nooreldin Fadol

Published Jul 11, 2022• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

From the canonical and rotating-wave transformations, we obtained the effective lower-polariton Hamiltonian depending on the applied magnetic field from the coupling of one of the quantum-well excitons and photons in a semiconductor microcavity. When the pump field is circularly polarized, the nonlinear interaction can induce a strong polariton blockade near the resonant peaks, which can be suppressed by a large pump in weak magnetic field situations. Thus, the platform behavior in the variation of the polariton occupation proves the polariton quantum blockade. On the other hand, when the pump field is linearly polarized, we achieve a single-photon emitter whose polariton polarization can be adjusted by an applied magnetic field. Polaritons with opposite spins, on the other hand, are anti-bunching in the lower excitation regime and become bunching only in weak magnetic field situations and a high excitation regime. Our findings constitute a potential step toward the realization of strongly coupled polaritonic systems.

DOI
10.1063/5.0094645

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From the canonical and rotating-wave transformations, we obtained the effective lower-polariton Hamiltonian depending on the applied magnetic field from the coupling of one of the quantum-well excitons and photons in a semiconductor microcavity. When the pump field is circularly polarized, the nonlinear interaction can induce a strong polariton blockade near the resonant peaks, which can be suppressed by a large pump in weak magnetic field situations. Thus, the platform behavior in the variation of the polariton occupation proves the polariton quantum blockade. On the other hand, when the pump field is linearly polarized, we achieve a single-photon emitter whose polariton polarization can be adjusted by an applied magnetic field. Polaritons with opposite spins, on the other hand, are anti-bunching in the lower excitation regime and become bunching only in weak magnetic field situations and a high excitation regime. Our findings constitute a potential step toward the realization of strongly coupled polaritonic systems.
Using the Liouville--von Neumann equation, we study the polarization dynamics of the polaritons localized in a photonic dot excited by continuous-wave (cw) or pulse laser beams. Pumped by the cw and circularly polarized laser, in the weak magnetic-field region we find a strong polariton anti-bunching and a platform behavior in the variation in the polariton occupation with the pump field, and the latter manifestly displays the polariton quantum blockade. In the case of using the cw and linearly polarized laser, we find the redshift of the polariton energy in the polariton magnetic spectrums, due to the effective-attractive interaction between the polaritons with antiparallel spins; moreover the polaritons with antiparallel spins are always anti-bunching in the low excitation regime. Especially, we demonstrate the single-photon character of the photonic dot in the excitation of the pulsed wave and linearly polarized laser, and the emitted-photon polarization can be conveniently adjusted by an applied magnetic field.
We present the experimental observation of photon-photon interactions at the single-particle level. The linearly polarized signal beam undergoes Faraday rotation by a nonlinear effective magnetic field induced by a very weak circularly polarized control beam due to the giant Kerr-like interactions between exciton-polaritons in our quantum well-based 0D microcavity structures. We measure a phase shift with a slope of 3.5×10^-3 radians per particle for low cavity occupancies between 0.1 and 3 excited by the control beam. These experimental findings are in agreement with theoretical models and pave the way towards the development of scalable photonic quantum gates.
Cavity exciton--polaritons are quasiparticles that form when quantum well excitons hybridize with a cavity mode. Here, we carry out photon correlation measurements under continuous wave resonant laser excitation to demonstrate quantum correlations between cavity--polaritons. Our experiments reveal an unexpectedly strong dependence of polariton interactions on cavity--exciton detuning. When the polaritons are predominantly exciton-like, we observe a transition from photon antibunching to bunching as the laser is tuned across the polariton resonance, in agreement with a simple Kerr-nonlinearity model. When the lower-branch polariton energy is tuned to induce a two-polariton Feshbach resonance with the biexciton mode, the degree of polariton antibunching becomes independent of the laser detuning: we explain our finding by invoking a dissipative blockade mechanism arising from large biexciton broadening. Our experiments demonstrate that the strong polariton blockade regime would be achieved by reducing the polariton decay rate by a factor of 10.
The nonlinear optical responses of a strongly coupled exciton-photon system in a semiconductor microcavity structure under weak excitation can be explained by a weak exciton-exciton interaction due to the nonideal bosonic (weakly interacting bosons) nature of the excitons. The exciton-exciton interaction leads to an attractive interaction between excitons with opposite spin, and a repulsive interaction between excitons with the same spin and a phase space filling. Earlier, we have reported the ratio of these interaction energies from the polarization-sensitive degenerate four-wave mixing on a strongly coupled GaAs quantum well (QW) microcavity under weak excitation density. In order to quantitatively determine the exciton-exciton polarization interaction energy, we have proposed a pump-probe nonlinear polarization rotation scheme. In the paper, we report the quantitative measurement of the exciton-exciton polarization interaction energy in the above mentioned system under strict weak excitation density using the pump-probe nonlinear polarization rotation (PR) technique. In the technique, the change of polarization state of a weak linearly polarized probe due to the anisotropy induced by a strong, circularly polarized pump is monitored in reflection geometry.
Microcavity polariton spin dynamics is investigated in high-finesse microcavities under resonant excitation using polarization- and time-resolved secondary emission spectroscopy. Using an appropriate calibration procedure, the instantaneous polariton occupation numbers of the modes with $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\approx}\mathbf{0}$ wave vectors can be determined. When the phase-matching conditions are achieved, we show that Coulomb scattering dominates the other processes, and that stimulation occurs when the occupation of the $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\approx}\mathbf{0}$ final state with a given mode polarization approaches unity. Under elliptically polarized light, we show that the stimulated polariton scattering leads to an increase with time of the circular polarization of the $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\approx}\mathbf{0}$ states, while the linear polarization dynamics is characterized first by a fast drop to negative or zero values immediately after the excitation pulse, followed by weak-amplitude nonperiodic oscillations. The latter are interpreted as the manifestation of the pseudospin precession of the pumped polariton modes around the self-induced exchange effective field.
We investigate polariton quantum correlations in a coherently driven box cavity in the low driving regime, with a particular focus on accounting for the polarization degree of freedom. The possibility of having different interaction strengths between co- and cross-circularly polarized polaritons as well as a realistic linear-polarization splitting allows one to model the system as two coupled nonlinear resonators with both self- and cross-Kerr-like nonlinearities, thus making our results potentially relevant for other experimental platforms. Within an effective wave-function approach, we obtain analytical expressions for the steady-state polarization-resolved polariton populations and second-order correlation functions, which agree very well with our numerical results obtained from a Lindblad master equation. Notably, we highlight that depending on the excitation polarization (circular or linear), both the unconventional (interference-mediated) and conventional (mediated by nonlinearities) antibunchings can be investigated in a single cavity. Moreover, using our results, we argue that recent experiments on confined fiber-cavity polaritons are likely to have probed a regime where the dominant interaction is between cross-polarized polaritons, which is characteristic of the polariton Feshbach resonance. We furthermore investigate the regime close to resonance using a two-channel model and we show that systems with large biexciton binding energies, such as atomically thin semiconductors, are promising platforms for realizing strong polariton antibunching.