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Modern Physics Letters B

On the origin of the transfer of modulation between microwave beams

Ilaria Cacciari, Anedio Ranfagni

Published Jun 14, 2022• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

New results are obtained with a modified experimental setup, in order to reduce the residual detected signal when the unmodulated beam is strongly attenuated. In the light of these results, the transfer of modulation, from the modulated beam to the unmodulated one, can be attributed to a photon–photon scattering mechanism, operating in the crossing area of the two beams. Even the stochastic character of the process becomes more plausible.

DOI
10.1142/s0217984922500968

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New results are obtained with a modified experimental setup, in order to reduce the residual detected signal when the unmodulated beam is strongly attenuated. In the light of these results, the transfer of modulation, from the modulated beam to the unmodulated one, can be attributed to a photon–photon scattering mechanism, operating in the crossing area of the two beams. Even the stochastic character of the process becomes more plausible.
Transfer of modulation from a phase-modulated laser beam to an unmodulated, oppositely running beam occurs in a sufficiently nonlinear resonant gaseous medium. Two mechanisms account for this transfer: modulated hole burning and reflection from an induced population grating. Heterodyne detection of the transferred modulation reveals multiplet patterns that are distinct for the two mechanisms. In particular, a central dispersion feature in the dispersive phase pattern is a diagnostic indication of the reflection process.
Atomic magnetometers with magnetic field modulation have emerged as pivotal sensors for biomagnetic measurements. However, challenges such as crosstalk between adjacent modulation fields and the complexity of signal circuitry become increasingly serious in the development of array-based equipment with the magnetometers, especially in the miniaturized atomic magnetometer. This paper proposes an all-optical, fully integrated fiber-coupled atomic magnetometer that employs pump beam modulation. A miniaturized atomic magnetometer with a volume of 10 cm³ has been designed, incorporating an active measurement area of 3 × 3 × 3 mm3. The magnetometer operates in the spinexchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime with an 87Rb vapor cell. An amplitude-modulated pump beam directly modulates the rubidium atomic ensembles, rather than the magnetic field modulation. The optical rotation angle is detected by an unmodulated probe beam oriented orthogonally to the pump beam. In light of the discontinuous pumping characteristics, we developed a modified theoretical model to clarify the output response of the proposed atomic magnetometer. The experimental results demonstrate that the new design achieves the same sensitivity as conventional magnetometer configurations with a smaller volume and without crosstalk of the magnetic field. This research highlights the significant potential for advancing the development of highly sensitive, miniaturized atomic magnetometers, making them particularly suitable for applications in magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG).