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Physical Review A

Quantum statistics engineering in a hybrid nanoparticle-emitter-cavity system

Shu-Ting Shen, Jiahua Li, Ying Wu

Published Jun 2, 2022• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum engineering of photons is a key requirement for the development of quantum technology. Here, we put forward a scheme to investigate extensively quantum statistical characteristics of the photons and their engineering in a hybrid nanoparticle-emitter-cavity architecture through placing a nanoparticle (NP) and a quantum emitter (QE), called NP-QE molecule, into an optical cavity, where the coherent tripartite coupling emerges in the interactions among the NP, QE, and cavity. The photons are collected from the two different channels, i.e., the cavity emission and the NP-QE molecule scattering. Due to the composite nature of the tripartite dressed excitations of our fully coupled system and the destructive interference between different transition pathways for the two-photon excitation, the nontrivial quantum statistical properties, such as unconventional single-photon blockade and strong photon superbunching, can be achieved even within the bad cavity limit (without the need of the strong-coupling condition) when the NP-QE molecule is driven by an external laser not interacting the cavity mode. It is also revealed that the photon autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties are well modified by regulating the size-dependent system parameters, such as the NP-to-QE distance and the NP radius. The small-coupling strength required, the ease of parameter tuning, the relaxation of high-cavity quality factor, and the robustness to the dephasing rate in realistic scenarios all benefit the generation of single-photon sources, which has potential applications in quantum information and quantum communication.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.105.063702

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Quantum engineering of photons is a key requirement for the development of quantum technology. Here, we put forward a scheme to investigate extensively quantum statistical characteristics of the photons and their engineering in a hybrid nanoparticle-emitter-cavity architecture through placing a nanoparticle (NP) and a quantum emitter (QE), called NP-QE molecule, into an optical cavity, where the coherent tripartite coupling emerges in the interactions among the NP, QE, and cavity. The photons are collected from the two different channels, i.e., the cavity emission and the NP-QE molecule scattering. Due to the composite nature of the tripartite dressed excitations of our fully coupled system and the destructive interference between different transition pathways for the two-photon excitation, the nontrivial quantum statistical properties, such as unconventional single-photon blockade and strong photon superbunching, can be achieved even within the bad cavity limit (without the need of the strong-coupling condition) when the NP-QE molecule is driven by an external laser not interacting the cavity mode. It is also revealed that the photon autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties are well modified by regulating the size-dependent system parameters, such as the NP-to-QE distance and the NP radius. The small-coupling strength required, the ease of parameter tuning, the relaxation of high-cavity quality factor, and the robustness to the dephasing rate in realistic scenarios all benefit the generation of single-photon sources, which has potential applications in quantum information and quantum communication.
There exists a growing interest in the properties of the light generated by hybrid systems involving a mesoscopic number of emitters as a means of providing macroscopic quantum light sources. In this work, the quantum correlations of the light emitted by a collection of emitters coupled to a generic optical cavity are studied theoretically using an effective Hamiltonian approach. Starting from the single-emitter level, we analyze the persistence of photon antibunching as the ensemble size increases. Not only is the photon blockade effect identifiable, but photon antibunching originated from destructive interference processes, the so-called unconventional antibunching, is also present. We study the dependence of these two types of negative correlations on the spectral detuning between cavity and emitters, as well as its evolution as the time delay between photon detections increases. Throughout this work, the performance of plasmonic nanocavities and dielectric microcavities is compared: despite the distinct energy scales and the differences introduced by their respectively open and closed character, the bunching and antibunching phenomenology presents remarkable similarities in both types of cavities.
The proposal for single-photon generation utilizing quantum interference of two coupled cavity modes with weak Kerr nonlinearity under resonant coherent driving has been successfully put forward in previous work [T. C. H. Liew and V. Savona, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 183601 (2010)]. Here we suggest an alternative scheme to explore the statistical properties of the photons and their control in a parametrically amplified photonic molecule that is composed of a pair of coupled cavities, both containing the degenerate optical parametric amplifier (DOPA), by means of extending the model of Liew and Savona. Due to the destructive quantum interference effect between different paths for two-photon excitation, the photons in both cavity modes can exhibit a strong antibunching effect when one of the two cavities is coherently driven by an external laser field. In order to intuitively understand the strong photon antibunching phenomenon occurring in our DOPA photonic molecule, the approximate analytical solutions of the system are provided via the Schr\"odinger equation and further are compared with the full numerical solutions via the master equation. The in-depth results reveal that the two solutions are in good agreement. For the two cavity modes, we achieve the optimal antibunching conditions in terms of the nonlinear gain and the strength ratio between the two pump laser fields based on analytical calculations, gaining deep insight into the rich physics of photon statistics. We also show that the statistical properties of the photons can be well controlled by regulating the relative phase between the two pump laser fields and the tunneling rate between the two cavity modes. Furthermore, we address the second-order cross-correlation function between the two cavity modes and find that a strong intermodal antibunching can be efficiently generated. Our approach via the DOPA photonic molecule architecture can be useful to generate tunable single-photon sources or controlled photonic quantum gates.
ABSTRACT. We study theoretically the quantum optical properties of hybrid artificial molecules composed of an individual quantum emitter and a metallic nanoparticle. The coupling between the two systems can give rise to a Fano interference effect which strongly influences the quantum statistical properties of the scattered photons: a small frequency shift of the incident light field may cause changes in the intensity correlation function of the scattered field of orders of magnitude. The system opens a good perspective for applica-tions in active metamaterials and ultracompact single-photon devices. We also demonstrate with accurate scattering calculations that a system constituted by a single quantum emitter (a semiconductor quantum dot) placed in the gap between two metallic nanoparticles can display the vacuum Rabi splitting. 1.
In the pursuit of developing a quantum information network, photons appear to be the most convenient carriers to interconnect distant ports. The need to get on-demand single photons that is one and only one photon, with a high reliability, is the main driving force for the development of bright solid-state sources. One important parameter is the brightness defined as the probability that one collected pulse contains a single photon. For some applications like quantum information processing or long distance quantum communications, the emitted single photons must be also indistinguishable, so that can make use of their quantum interference to implement effective photon-photon interactions. To reach the ideal source of single and indistinguishable photons, different systems are explored : defects in diamond (NV centers), trapped atoms or ions, single molecules or semiconductor quantum dots.By coupling a semiconductor quantum dot to an optical cavity, the spontaneous emission of the emitter can be modified to obtain bright single-photon sources. An innovative technique was developed by Pr. Pascale Senellart and her team at the Laboratory of Photonics and Nanostructures (LPN) from CNRS that allows making such sources in a very reproducible way.This work explores the performance of single quantum dot coupled to micropillars. Various techniques are used in order to increase the single photon purity and indistinguishability while keeping a high source brightness. First, the cavity was modified using an adiabatic architecture such that a strong acceleration of the spontaneous emission was implemented. Then, a technique to apply an electric bias on the micropillars has been developed. The combination of the electric bias with a resonant optical excitation of the quantum dot allows to generation purely indistinguishable photons with a high brightness.The results developed in this thesis open a vast field of novel applications in quantum technologies, from quantum cryptography, metrology to quantum imaging.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics is the art of enhancing light-matter interaction of photon emitters in cavities with opportunities for sensing, quantum information, and energy capture technologies. To boost emitter-cavity interaction, that is, coupling strength g, ultrahigh quality cavities have been concocted yielding photon trapping times of microsecondsy to milliseconds. However, such high- Q cavities give poor photon output, hindering applications. To preserve high photon output, it is advantageous to strive for highly localized electric fields in radiatively lossy cavities. Nanophotonic antennas are ideal candidates combining low- Q factors with deeply localized mode volumes, allowing large g, provided the emitter is positioned exactly right inside the nanoscale mode volume. Here, with nanometer resolution, we map and tune the coupling strength between a dipole nanoantenna-cavity and a single molecule, obtaining a coupling rate of g max ∼ 200 GHz. Together with accelerated single photon output, this provides ideal conditions for fast and pure nonclassical single photon emission with brightness exceeding 10 9 photons/sec. Clearly, nanoantennas acting as “bad” cavities offer an optimal regime for strong coupling g to deliver bright on-demand and ultrafast single photon nanosources for quantum technologies.
We present a quantum theory for a fully coupled hybrid optomechanical system where all mutual couplings between a two-level atom, a confined photon mode, and a mechanical oscillator mode are considered. In such a configuration, new quantum interference effects and correlations arise due to the interplay and competition between the different physical interactions. We present an analytical diagonalization of the related fully coupled Hamiltonian, showing the nature and energy spectra of the tripartite dressed excitations. We determine the driven-dissipative dynamics of such hybrid systems and study phonon blockade effects under resonant excitation. We also study the statistical properties of the photon emission obtained under incoherent pumping of the two-level atom, which is particularly relevant for experiments with solid-state two-level emitters.