Quanta, Randomness, and Explanation

Kunwar Jagdish Narain

All electrons, nucleons, and other particles or quanta (because quantum mechanics is applied to all particles, these should be known as quanta) undergo a persistent spin motion without possessing any infinite energy source, and therefore, they should have a unique structure that provides their persistent spinning, as well as their other properties that they display. Additionally, because nothing in nature occurs without a reason or purpose, there should be an explanation for the persistent spinning motion. This study determines the purpose behind the persistent spinning motion of quanta, their unique structures, and properties. The results of the determination of the purpose, named “a new quantum theory”, provide very clear and complete explanations for all the phenomena generated due to quanta. Some such phenomena included in this study are: 1) the interference and diffraction of photons and electrons; 2) spectroscopy; 3) transmittance T, which is finite for particles possessing energy E < V0, when V0 is the energy of the potential barrier; 4) rate reduction of increasing velocity in accelerating electrons after they have attained their relativistic velocity; 5) acquisition of elliptical orbits by orbiting electrons despite moving in a spherically symmetric field, and conservations of their energy, momentum, and spin angular momentum.

Salomon Sylvain Mizrahi, V. V. Dodonov

The asymmetric nature of the boson 'destruction' operator â and its 'creation' partner ↠is made apparent by applying them to a quantum state |ψ⟩ different from the Fock state | n ⟩. We show that it is possible to increase (by many times or by any quantity) the mean number of quanta in the new 'photon-subtracted' state â|ψ⟩. Moreover, for certain 'hyper-Poissonian' states |ψ⟩ the mean number of quanta in the (normalized) state â|ψ⟩ can be much greater than in the 'photon-added' state â†|ψ⟩. The explanation of this 'paradox' is given and some examples elucidating the meaning of Mandel's q -parameter and the exponential phase operators are considered.

Alfred Landé

Gustav Bergmann

Emna Amri, Yacine Felk, Damien Stucki +2 more

A new quantum random number generation method is proposed. The method is based on the randomness of the photon emission process and the single photon counting capability of the Quanta Image Sensor (QIS). It has the potential to generate high-quality random numbers with remarkable data output rate. In this paper, the principle of photon statistics and theory of entropy are discussed. Sample data were collected with QIS jot device, and its randomness quality was analyzed. The randomness assessment method and results are discussed.