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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Hyperentanglement of photons emitted by a quantum dot

Maximilian Prilmüller, Tobias Huber, Markus Muller, Peter Michler, Gregor Weihs, Ana Predojević

Published Jun 1, 2017• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. Entanglement, a fundamental resource of quantum technologies, is a unique quantum mechanical attribute. In various systems it can be achieved in various individual degrees of freedom, however some of those systems are able to create entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom simultaneously: hyper-entanglement [1]. Here, we report on demonstration of polarization [2] and time-bin [3] hyper-entangled photons emitted from a single quantum dot. By applying two-photon resonant and coherent excitation on a quantum dot system with marginal fine structure splitting we yield fidelities to the maximally entangled state of 0.80(3) and 0.87(4) in polarization and time-bin, respectively. Quantum enhanced communication schemes rely on Bell-state measurements, which find their simplest realization in the interference of two photons at a beam splitter. However, this method is efficiency limited [4] and a complete Bell state analysis of a photon pair entangled in one degree of freedom using only linear optics is impossible. This limitation can be overcome if the photon pair is entangled in more than one degree of freedom, a hyper-entangled state. Using such states in such schemes does not only reduce the resource overhead [5] it also offers the possibility to increase the success rate significantly [6].

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2017.8087340

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Summary form only given. Entanglement, a fundamental resource of quantum technologies, is a unique quantum mechanical attribute. In various systems it can be achieved in various individual degrees of freedom, however some of those systems are able to create entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom simultaneously: hyper-entanglement [1]. Here, we report on demonstration of polarization [2] and time-bin [3] hyper-entangled photons emitted from a single quantum dot. By applying two-photon resonant and coherent excitation on a quantum dot system with marginal fine structure splitting we yield fidelities to the maximally entangled state of 0.80(3) and 0.87(4) in polarization and time-bin, respectively. Quantum enhanced communication schemes rely on Bell-state measurements, which find their simplest realization in the interference of two photons at a beam splitter. However, this method is efficiency limited [4] and a complete Bell state analysis of a photon pair entangled in one degree of freedom using only linear optics is impossible. This limitation can be overcome if the photon pair is entangled in more than one degree of freedom, a hyper-entangled state. Using such states in such schemes does not only reduce the resource overhead [5] it also offers the possibility to increase the success rate significantly [6].
A hyperentangled state of light represents a valuable tool capable of reducing the experimental requirements and resource overheads, and it can improve the success rate of quantum information protocols. Here, we report on demonstration of polarization and time-bin hyperentangled photon pairs emitted from a single quantum dot. We achieved this result by applying resonant and coherent excitation on a quantum dot system with marginal fine structure splitting. Our results yield fidelities to the maximally entangled state of 0.81(6) and 0.87(4) in polarization and time bin, respectively.
A hyperentangled state of light represents a valuable tool capable of reducing the experimental requirements and resource overheads, and it can improve the success rate of quantum information protocols. Here, we report on demonstration of polarization and time-bin hyperentangled photon pairs emitted from a single quantum dot. We achieved this result by applying resonant and coherent excitation on a quantum dot system with marginal fine structure splitting. Our results yield fidelities to the maximally entangled state of 0.81(6) and 0.87(4) in polarization and time bin, respectively.
Summary form only given. A realization of time-bin entanglement obtained from quantum dots would join the strength of long distance transmission that characterizes this type of entanglement with the single photon state purity of the quantum dot emission. Compared with polarization entanglement from quantum dots this scheme does not require elimination of the fine structure splitting responsible for partial distinguishability of the quantum dot cascades [1].Here, we present our results on coherent and resonant excitation of quantum dots, creation of photon pairs, scattering free emission and measurement of the high purity of the emitted photons [2, 3]. In addition, we will show our measurements of the generated time-bin entanglement. To excite a single quantum dot we performed two-photon resonant excitation of the biexciton state. Here, we exploited the biexciton binding energy in order to use the laser light which was not resonant to any photon emitted from the quantum dot (Fig. 1a). Our measurements were performed on a single self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dot. We confirmed the resonant nature of the excitation by observing Rabi oscillations (Fig. 1b). Additionally, we performed Ramsey interference measurement and determined the coherence time of the ground-biexciton state superposition. These measurements show that we can coherently transfer the phase of the excitation laser onto the quantum dot system, a necessary requirement to obtain time-bin entanglement.To test the statistics of the emitted state we measured the auto-correlation of the emitted photons (Fig. 3c). Here, the auto-correlation parameter at zero delay was measured to be 0.012(1) without and 0.0073(8) with background subtraction. In addition, we performed a measurement to characterize the state emitted from a quantum dot using a witness-based criterion described in [4]. With this measurement we experimentally confirmed that the resonantly excited quantum dot emits a non-Gaussian state of light (Fig. 1d). This measurement is the first of this nature ever performed on a semiconductor single photon emitter.
Quantum communication is based on the generation of quantum states and exploitation of quantum resources for communication protocols. Currently, photons are considered as the optimal carriers of information, because they enable long-distance transition with resilience to decoherence and they are relatively easy to create and detect. Entanglement is a fundamental resource for quantum communication and information processing, and it is of particular importance for quantum repeaters. Hyperentanglement, a state where parties are entangled with two or more degrees of freedom (DoFs) simultaneously, provides an important additional resource because it increases data rates and enhances error resilience. However, in photonics, the channel capacity, i.e., the ultimate throughput, is fundamentally limited when dealing with linear elements. We propose a technique for achieving higher transmission rates for quantum communication by using hyperentangled states, based on multiplexing multiple DoFs on a single photon, transmitting the photon, and eventually demultiplexing the DoFs to different photons at the destination, using Bell state measurements. Following our scheme, one can generate two entangled qubit pairs by sending only a single photon. The proposed transmission scheme lays the groundwork for novel quantum communication protocols with higher transmission rates and refined control over scalable quantum technologies.
We present a complete hyperentangled Bell state analysis protocol for two-photon four-qubit states that are simultaneously entangled in the polarization and time-bin degrees of freedom. The 16 hyperentangled states can be unambiguously distinguished via two steps. In the first step, the polarization entangled state is distinguished deterministically and nondestructively with the help of the cross-Kerr nonlinearity. Then, in the second step, the time-bin state is analyzed with the aid of the polarization entanglement. We also discuss the applications of our protocol for quantum information processing. Compared with hyperentanglement in polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom, the polarization and time-bin hyperentangled states provide savings in quantum resources since there is no requirement for two spatial modes for each photon. This is the first complete hyperentangled Bell state analysis scheme for polarization and time-bin hyperentangled states, and it can provide new avenues for high-capacity, long-distance quantum communication.