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Quantum Information and Measurement (QIM)

Hyperentanglement of Photons Emitted by a Quantum Dot

Maximilian Prilmüller, Tobias Huber, Markus A. Müller, Peter Michler, Gregor Weihs, Ana Predojević

Published Jan 1, 2017• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A hyperentangled state of light represents a valuable tool capable of reducing the experimental requirements and resource overheads, and it can improve the success rate of quantum information protocols. Here, we report on demonstration of polarization and time-bin hyperentangled photon pairs emitted from a single quantum dot. We achieved this result by applying resonant and coherent excitation on a quantum dot system with marginal fine structure splitting. Our results yield fidelities to the maximally entangled state of 0.81(6) and 0.87(4) in polarization and time bin, respectively.

DOI
10.1364/qim.2017.qt2c.4

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A hyperentangled state of light represents a valuable tool capable of reducing the experimental requirements and resource overheads, and it can improve the success rate of quantum information protocols. Here, we report on demonstration of polarization and time-bin hyperentangled photon pairs emitted from a single quantum dot. We achieved this result by applying resonant and coherent excitation on a quantum dot system with marginal fine structure splitting. Our results yield fidelities to the maximally entangled state of 0.81(6) and 0.87(4) in polarization and time bin, respectively.
A hyperentangled state of light represents a valuable tool capable of reducing the experimental requirements and resource overheads, and it can improve the success rate of quantum information protocols. Here, we report on demonstration of polarization and time-bin hyperentangled photon pairs emitted from a single quantum dot. We achieved this result by applying resonant and coherent excitation on a quantum dot system with marginal fine structure splitting. Our results yield fidelities to the maximally entangled state of 0.81(6) and 0.87(4) in polarization and time bin, respectively.
Summary form only given. Entanglement, a fundamental resource of quantum technologies, is a unique quantum mechanical attribute. In various systems it can be achieved in various individual degrees of freedom, however some of those systems are able to create entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom simultaneously: hyper-entanglement [1]. Here, we report on demonstration of polarization [2] and time-bin [3] hyper-entangled photons emitted from a single quantum dot. By applying two-photon resonant and coherent excitation on a quantum dot system with marginal fine structure splitting we yield fidelities to the maximally entangled state of 0.80(3) and 0.87(4) in polarization and time-bin, respectively. Quantum enhanced communication schemes rely on Bell-state measurements, which find their simplest realization in the interference of two photons at a beam splitter. However, this method is efficiency limited [4] and a complete Bell state analysis of a photon pair entangled in one degree of freedom using only linear optics is impossible. This limitation can be overcome if the photon pair is entangled in more than one degree of freedom, a hyper-entangled state. Using such states in such schemes does not only reduce the resource overhead [5] it also offers the possibility to increase the success rate significantly [6].
Summary form only given. A realization of time-bin entanglement obtained from quantum dots would join the strength of long distance transmission that characterizes this type of entanglement with the single photon state purity of the quantum dot emission. Compared with polarization entanglement from quantum dots this scheme does not require elimination of the fine structure splitting responsible for partial distinguishability of the quantum dot cascades [1].Here, we present our results on coherent and resonant excitation of quantum dots, creation of photon pairs, scattering free emission and measurement of the high purity of the emitted photons [2, 3]. In addition, we will show our measurements of the generated time-bin entanglement. To excite a single quantum dot we performed two-photon resonant excitation of the biexciton state. Here, we exploited the biexciton binding energy in order to use the laser light which was not resonant to any photon emitted from the quantum dot (Fig. 1a). Our measurements were performed on a single self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dot. We confirmed the resonant nature of the excitation by observing Rabi oscillations (Fig. 1b). Additionally, we performed Ramsey interference measurement and determined the coherence time of the ground-biexciton state superposition. These measurements show that we can coherently transfer the phase of the excitation laser onto the quantum dot system, a necessary requirement to obtain time-bin entanglement.To test the statistics of the emitted state we measured the auto-correlation of the emitted photons (Fig. 3c). Here, the auto-correlation parameter at zero delay was measured to be 0.012(1) without and 0.0073(8) with background subtraction. In addition, we performed a measurement to characterize the state emitted from a quantum dot using a witness-based criterion described in [4]. With this measurement we experimentally confirmed that the resonantly excited quantum dot emits a non-Gaussian state of light (Fig. 1d). This measurement is the first of this nature ever performed on a semiconductor single photon emitter.
Single self-assembled quantum dots are established emitters of single photons and entangled photon pairs. The entanglement of photons generated by quantum dots has been shown in polarization [1] , in time bin [2] , and also as hyperentanglement [3] . However, the achievable degree of entanglement and readiness of the source for use in quantum communication protocols, depend on several additional functionalities such as high collection efficiency, coherence of the emitted photon pairs, and fabrication scalability.
We introduce a scalable photonic platform that enables efficient generation of entangled photon pairs from a semiconductor quantum dot. Our system, which is based on a self-aligned quantum dot- micro-cavity structure, erases the need for complex steps of lithography and nanofabrication. We experimentally show collection efficiency of 0.17 combined with a Purcell enhancement of up to 1.7. We harness the potential of our device to generate photon pairs entangled in time bin, reaching a fidelity of 0.84(5) with the maximally entangled state. The achieved pair collection efficiency is 4 times larger than the state-of-the art for this application. The device, which theoretically supports pair extraction efficiencies of nearly 0.5 is a promising candidate for the implementation of bright sources of time-bin, polarization- and hyper entangled photon pairs in a straightforward manner.