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Applied Optics

Vector magnetometer based on the effect of coherent population trapping

Valeriy Andryushkov, Daba A. Radnatarov, Sergey M Kobtsev

Published Apr 5, 2022• 33 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The method is presented for converting a coherent population trapping (CPT) atomic clock into a CPT vector (compass-) magnetometer without mechanically moving parts through a relatively simple add-on. The system of 3D Helmholtz coils was used for compensation of the external magnetic field, allowing measurement of both strength and direction of a magnetic field at the sensitivity level of s u b − n T / H z 1 / 2 within a 10-Hz bandwidth. Angular resolution of the developed vector magnetometer amounts to about 1 0 − 2 degrees.

DOI
10.1364/ao.457087

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The method is presented for converting a coherent population trapping (CPT) atomic clock into a CPT vector (compass-) magnetometer without mechanically moving parts through a relatively simple add-on. The system of 3D Helmholtz coils was used for compensation of the external magnetic field, allowing measurement of both strength and direction of a magnetic field at the sensitivity level of s u b − n T / H z 1 / 2 within a 10-Hz bandwidth. Angular resolution of the developed vector magnetometer amounts to about 1 0 − 2 degrees.
Developed and characterised for the first time is a quantum vector magnetometer using coherent population trapping (CPT) in 87Rb vapour and external magnetic field compensation by 3-axis Helmholtz coils to stabilize the amplitude and spectral position of the CPT resonance excited on a magneto-sensitive (mf ≠ 0) energy level transition. To measure the magnetic field components orthogonal to the magnetometer optical axis, resonance amplitude dependence upon the transverse field strength is used, which has a maximum at zero transverse field. The proposed approach allowed measurement of the external magnetic field vector with a sensitivity exceeding 500 pT/Hz1/2.
We demonstrate a real-time, single-shot vector magnetic measurement technique using synchronous coherent population trapping (SCPT) in an apparatus consisting of a small rubidium vapor cell. Vector modality of our magnetometer is enabled by designing a feedback system based on performing a peak-lock on a particularly strong 2ΩL magnetic resonance produced in the SCPT spectrum and compensating the external magnetic field via a three-axis field coil. With its current design, this magnetometer exhibits high sensitivities of approximately 155, 129, and 57pT/Hz in measuring the magnetic field vector components along the (x,y,z) axes. Sensitivities closer to the shot-noise limit can be achieved in the future by reducing the technical noise of our equipment and by employing a differential detection and polarization rotation measurement scheme in our system.
We have developed a field-deployable vector magnetometer using a small rubidium vapor cell, which is capable of measuring the magnitude and direction of the earth's magnetic field with high accuracy and sensitivity. The magnetometer measures Larmor precession of rubidium atoms using the phenomenon, called synchronous coherent population trapping (SCPT). This gives the advantage of producing a high contrast and narrow linewidth resonance needed for measuring the magnetic field with high accuracy and sensitivity. The magnetometer exhibits sub-nT/√Hz sensitivities in measuring the field components along the three directions.
Vector magnetic field measurement is required in several applications including magnetic surveys, navigation and anomalies detection. We have designed and developed a vector magnetometer prototype that can be deployed in the field to survey earth’s magnetic field. Vector operation is enabled in this prototype by using the phenomenon of synchronous coherent population trapping (SCPT), and combining it with a feedback compensation mechanism. The prototype utilizes a small rubidium cell which is placed inside a three-axis field coil. Magnetic field along each axis is measured by performing a peak-lock on one of the strongest resonances produced by SCPT and compensating the external magnetic field via servo control of the three-axis field coil. Under this locked condition, the feedback current applied to each coil in the three-axis system gives a real-time, single-shot measurement of the magnetic field components. Extensive testing of the prototype is being done by performing magnetic field measurements in the magnetically noisy environment inside the laboratory and in-comparison with that of a fluxgate sensor.