Generally lower temperatures of evaporation make most aspects of oven design easier than those discussed in Chapter 5 and included in this group are ovens for the production of beams of alkali metals and their salts. Some special techniques are, however, necessary to handle the alkali metals because of their reactivity with moist air, which increases with atomic number Z. One solution is to produce the beam by a reaction of stable substances in the oven and we begin the discussion of the alkali metals with those cases in Section 4.2. We then consider in Section 4.3 more conventional ovens where the material to be evaporated is loaded directly into the oven. In Section 4.4 we turn to the alkali halides, which have problems due to their corrosiveness in the liquid and vapour state. Ovens where an ampoule of material has to be broken are discussed in Section 4.5. Finally in this chapter we discuss recycling ovens, where material that is not formed into a useful beam is returned to the oven.
This thesis is concerned with long range behavior of the interaction potential of two neutral atoms.Two aspects are of special interest: First, how the long range behavior changes if one of the atoms is replaced by another isotope.Second, how to model the influence of a laser field on long range interaction.Several high precision spectroscopy experiments on particle beams are carried out.The transition frequencies of the D lines of 39,40,41 K are measured with frequency comb generated by a self-referenced femtosecond laser, which is locked to a Cs-clock.Discrepancies in the literature are removed and new values for the hyperfine structures of the 4p 1/2 and 4p 3/2 state and the isotope shift of both D lines are derive.On a beam of potassium dimers the A 1 Σ + u state of K 2 is studied up to the dissociation limit complementing and extending photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold ensembles.Local perturbation due to the spin-orbit coupling with the b 3 Π u state are identified.Molecular hyperfine structure of levels close to the asymptote is observed and modeled by atomic parameter only.Improved values of the atomic radiative lifetime of the states 4p 1/2 and 4p 3/2 are derived from the long range parameter C 3 of the molecule.Also, an improved value for the dissociation energy of the X 1 Σ + g ground state is obtained and recipes for the investigation of cold collision via spectroscopy of the molecular structure at the ground state asymptotes are derived.For the first time asymptotic levels of two isotopomers of K 2 are studied and a comparison of asymptotic spectra of two isotopomers 39 K 2 and 39 K 41 K shows that corrections to the Born-Oppenheimer potential are needed.Optical coupling between asymptotic ground state levels and long range levels of an excited state has been suggested as tool for influencing cold collisions.Here, we model lineshapes for an experiment which investigates such a coupling systematically in Na 2 by laser spectroscopy in a beam.A fit program for the lineshape is used to compare experimental and theoretical values and to check the validity of the applied model from multichannel quantum defect theory.The dependency on the detuning of the coupling laser is reproduced but other details failed.To allow similar studies are reported for alkali metals on the simpler quantum system from alkali earth elements the development of an oven for a continuous beam of Ca 2 for Doppler-free spectroscopy is discussed including a major change of design and first experiences are reported.The heating of the oven is, unlike those for the beams applied above, outside the vacuum tank because of the high temperatures needed for the oven.
We present a compact cold-wall oven that is simple to build and align for loading miniature ion traps with calcium ions. The cold-wall oven, which is a metal-loaded capillary heated only through a portion of its length by the passage of a current, is described and characterized. An atomic beam with a low divergence of 14 mrad is produced. We perform Doppler-sensitive, resonant fluorescence measurements on the atomic beam to characterize the oven's performance. The emission of atoms from the oven is seen within ∼70 s after turning on the oven at an electric power consumption of <10 W. The flow rate is measured to be 1.5 ± 0.2 × 109 atoms s-1 at a temperature of 702 ± 7 K. The entire oven assembly is mounted on a CF16 feedthrough. This design can be extended to other species for producing a collimated atomic beam.