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International Conference on System Reliability and Safety Engineering (SRSE)

Providing the Required Probability of Synchronization Error When Splitting a Fiber-Optic Line into Sections with Decreasing Length in a Quantum Key Distribution System

Миронов Яков Константинович, Konstantin E. Rumyantsev

Published Nov 1, 2021• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A technique is proposed for dividing a fiber-optic communication line into sections with decreasing length in a quantum key distribution system. A distinctive feature of the proposed method is to provide the required probability of synchronization error. It is noted that an increase in the required number of sections is inversely proportional to a decrease in the probability of a synchronization error at a fixed station spacing. The relationship between the probability of synchronization error and station spacing is determined. So, with an increase in the frequency of generation of dark current pulses at a given value of the probability of synchronization error, the length of the fiber-optic communication line is significantly reduced. Due to the constancy of the signal-to-noise ratio at the upper boundaries of the sections, the probability of synchronization error is provided not worse than the specified value within the entire fiber-optic line.

DOI
10.1109/srse54209.2021.00032

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A technique is proposed for dividing a fiber-optic communication line into sections with decreasing length in a quantum key distribution system. A distinctive feature of the proposed method is to provide the required probability of synchronization error. It is noted that an increase in the required number of sections is inversely proportional to a decrease in the probability of a synchronization error at a fixed station spacing. The relationship between the probability of synchronization error and station spacing is determined. So, with an increase in the frequency of generation of dark current pulses at a given value of the probability of synchronization error, the length of the fiber-optic communication line is significantly reduced. Due to the constancy of the signal-to-noise ratio at the upper boundaries of the sections, the probability of synchronization error is provided not worse than the specified value within the entire fiber-optic line.
A two-stage synchronization algorithm is formulated for the system of quantum key distribution (QKD) with a division of a fiber-optic communication line (FOCL) into sections with decreasing length. The analysis of the parameters of the proposed algorithm is carried out. Formulas are defined for calculating the time spent on the synchronization process both for the case of a successful testing and for a testing error. An estimate is given of the analysis time of a FOCL section, where the synchronization of the stations of the QKD system is not ensured within the allowable time. The probabilistic characteristics of a two-stage time algorithm of synchronization are established at the absence of a priori information about the distance between stations.
A method is proposed for calculating the average time of entry into synchronism of stations of the system of quantum key distribution (QKD) with sequential polling of sections of a fiber-optic communication line (FOCL) with decreasing length. A diagram of states and transitions for a sequential search for a photon pulse is constructed. Analytical expressions are obtained for finding the probability of detecting a photon pulse, the average number of steps for entry into synchronism of stations, the variance of the number of steps and the average time for entry into connection. It is noted that when the FOCL is divided into sections with decreasing length, the level of dark current pulses (DCP) significantly decreases from section to section. The latter allows to reduce the probability of false alarms of the photodetector. The analysis of the results obtained showed that the time of entry into synchronism for the proposed algorithm is 3 times less than the time required for entry into communication of stations in the case of an algorithm-analogue. The results obtained indicate the possibility of increasing the length of the FOCL while ensuring the value of the synchronization error probability at the level of 0.01.
The synchronization subsystem is investigated for the quantum key distribution (QKD), where photon pulses are used as sync signals. The analyzed two-stage synchronization algorithm is based on the fact that the pulse-repetition period and the duration of the optical sync signals are known. Analytical expressions are obtained that establish the functional relationship between the energy parameters and probability characteristics of the single-photon synchronization subsystem, and the parameters of an optical fiber, a transmitting optical module, and a single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD). The requirements for the choice of the steps number in the search stage and the allowable tests number that guarantee the maximum length of the communication line are formulated. It is shown that for actually used single-photon avalanche photodiodes, the length of the fiber-optic line is limited due to the frequency of generation of dark current pulses (DCP)by a value of 51 km with a synchronization error probability of 0.05.
In the description of quantum key distribution systems, much attention is paid to the operation of quantum cryptography protocols. The main problem is the insufficient study of the synchronization process of quantum key distribution systems. This paper contains a general description of quantum cryptography principles. A two-line fiber-optic quantum key distribution system with phase coding of photon states in transceiver and coding station synchronization mode was examined. A quantum key distribution system was built on the basis of the scheme with automatic compensation of polarization mode distortions. Single-photon avalanche diodes were used as optical radiation detecting devices. It was estimated how the parameters used in quantum key distribution systems of optical detectors affect the detection of the time frame with attenuated optical pulse in synchronization mode with respect to its probabilistic and time-domain characteristics. A design method was given for the process that detects the time frame that includes an optical pulse during synchronization. This paper describes the main quantum communication channel attack methods by removing a portion of optical emission. This paper describes the developed synchronization algorithm that takes into account the time required to restore the photodetector’s operation state after the photon has been registered during synchronization. The computer simulation results of the developed synchronization algorithm were analyzed. The efficiency of the developed algorithm with respect to synchronization process protection from unauthorized gathering of optical emission is demonstrated herein.
The relevance of the development and modernization of synchronization algorithms, which reduce the synchronization time of the quantum key distribution (QKD) system, while maintaining enhanced security against unauthorized access, is noted. The synchronization algorithm is described, where, to increase security from unauthorized access, quantum pulses are used as synchronizing signals. A quantitative assessment of the influence of the dispersion properties of a fiber-optic line on the efficiency of the two-stage single-photon synchronization algorithm of the autocompensation QKD system is given.
Abstract Satellite-based quantum communication is a promising technology for the secure worldwide sharing of data because quantum states are conveyed across free-space links with significantly less attenuation than optical fiber. However, the restricted communication time and dynamic parameter changes limit the secret key length, and to maximize the possible final key, an effective division of satellite-to-ground quantum communication at intervals must be chosen. Here, we present an original blockwise analysis for maximizing secret key length using the signal-to-noise ratio obtained after the frequency synchronization procedure. To validate our method, we perform an experimental simulation of the quantum key distribution protocol between the Micius satellite and the 600 mm aperture ground station with additional random channel breaks. As a result, the proposed blockwise method leads to an increase in the final key length compared to processing the full amount of noisy data.