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Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW)

Evaluation of the Influence of the Dispersion Properties of a Fiber-Optic Line on the Efficiency of an Algorithm for Single-Photon Synchronization of Quantum Key Distribution System

Konstantin E. Rumyantsev, P.D. Linenko, H. H.-Sh. Shakir

Published Jun 1, 2019• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The relevance of the development and modernization of synchronization algorithms, which reduce the synchronization time of the quantum key distribution (QKD) system, while maintaining enhanced security against unauthorized access, is noted. The synchronization algorithm is described, where, to increase security from unauthorized access, quantum pulses are used as synchronizing signals. A quantitative assessment of the influence of the dispersion properties of a fiber-optic line on the efficiency of the two-stage single-photon synchronization algorithm of the autocompensation QKD system is given.

DOI
10.1109/rsemw.2019.8792769

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IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS)•Sep 1, 2019•0 citations
The relevance of the development and modernization of synchronization algorithms, which reduce the synchronization time of the quantum key distribution (QKD) system, while maintaining enhanced security against unauthorized access, is noted. The synchronization algorithm is described, where, to increase security from unauthorized access, quantum pulses are used as synchronizing signals. A quantitative assessment of the influence of the dispersion properties of a fiber-optic line on the efficiency of the two-stage single-photon synchronization algorithm of the autocompensation QKD system is given.
The time and probability parameters of the two-stage synchronization algorithm for the autocompensation quantum key distribution (QKD) systems and the analogous algorithm, implying the division of the time frame into time windows, are investigated. A comparative analysis of the parameters of synchronization algorithms is carried out and recommendations for their application for short and long fiber-optic communication lines are presented. The work also shows the methods of calculating the mean synchronization time of the QKD stations according to the above algorithms.
Purpose of the study: development and research of an algorithm for detecting an optical signal for synchronizing stations of a quantum key distribution system with increased protection against unauthorized access. Methods of research: probability distribution, statistical analysis, single-photon detection. Results: the importance of the time synchronization process, which is implemented through high-precision detection of an optical signal, is substantiated. An optical signal detection algorithm for a synchronization method with increased protection against unauthorized access is investigated. An improved algorithm for analyzing the time domain of synchronization signal propagation using avalanche photodetectors is proposed. It is shown that the proposed algorithm allows using avalanche photodetectors in the single photon counting mode. An analysis of the time characteristics of the developed synchronization algorithm is carried out and an analytical expression for calculating the time delay of detection is presented, which provides a sequential analysis of time windows taking into account the tunable recovery time of the photodetector. The analytical expression can be used for engineering calculations when designing a QKD system. The proposed algorithm significantly reduces the likelihood of unauthorized access to the synchronization process and allows determining the time parameters of the signal window with a given accuracy, which is critical for the subsequent operation of the quantum key distribution system. Scientific novelty: an algorithm for detecting an optical signal during synchronization is proposed, which is characterized by increased protection against unauthorized access. An analytical expression for engineering calculations of the delay of detection during synchronization is presented.
In the description of quantum key distribution systems, much attention is paid to the operation of quantum cryptography protocols. The main problem is the insufficient study of the synchronization process of quantum key distribution systems. This paper contains a general description of quantum cryptography principles. A two-line fiber-optic quantum key distribution system with phase coding of photon states in transceiver and coding station synchronization mode was examined. A quantum key distribution system was built on the basis of the scheme with automatic compensation of polarization mode distortions. Single-photon avalanche diodes were used as optical radiation detecting devices. It was estimated how the parameters used in quantum key distribution systems of optical detectors affect the detection of the time frame with attenuated optical pulse in synchronization mode with respect to its probabilistic and time-domain characteristics. A design method was given for the process that detects the time frame that includes an optical pulse during synchronization. This paper describes the main quantum communication channel attack methods by removing a portion of optical emission. This paper describes the developed synchronization algorithm that takes into account the time required to restore the photodetector’s operation state after the photon has been registered during synchronization. The computer simulation results of the developed synchronization algorithm were analyzed. The efficiency of the developed algorithm with respect to synchronization process protection from unauthorized gathering of optical emission is demonstrated herein.
The two pass auto compensation quantum key distribution system (QKDS) with phase-encoded states of photons in synchronization mode are studied. The algorithm of synchronization QKDS, presupposing the division of the repetition period of the optical pulses on the time windows and the detection of the signal window are offered. The peculiarity of the algorithm is that it is implemented in the single-photon mode, increasing the security of synchronization mode. The second feature of the algorithm is that when equal numbers of accumulated pulses in two adjacent time windows, a decision for admission photon pulse in any of the windows, if the number of accumulated pulses in it exceeds the number of detected pulses in the other windows. In a certain algorithm in this case, both windows were “noises” that was the reason for missing the signal window. Modeling algorithm found that when the number of time windows from 2 to 1024, the difference of the limiting values of the probability does not exceed 3.34%. The requirements with respect to the duration of the time window and the photon momentum are formulated. It is shown that increasing the number of time windows from 2 to 1024 implies reducing the probability of less than 2% while maintaining the time of uncertainty in relation of emergence the photon pulse 512 times. An analytical expression for the calculation of the probability of correct detection of the signal time window in the proposed synchronization algorithm QKDS.
A two-pass auto-compensation fiber-optic quantum key distribution system (QKDS) with phase-encoded photon states in synchronization mode has been investigated. Preliminary stage sync initialization algorithm of QKDS that requires impulse-repetition period division into time windows as well as signal time window detection has been proposed. The peculiarity of the algorithm being investigated is that it is implemented in the single-photon mode which improves the synchronization mode security. The second peculiarity is that in case the number of accumulated impulses in two adjacent time windows is equal, it is decided to receive a photon impulse by any of these windows, if the number of accumulated impulses exceeds the number of registered impulses in the rest of the windows. Algorithm modeling has discovered that when the number of time windows is changed from 2 to 100000 probabilities limit values difference does not exceed 0.5 %. Requirements of time window duration ratio to the photon impulse have been formulated. It has been demonstrated that when the number of time windows is increased from 2 to 1024 the probability reduces by less than 1.5 % in case of time uncertainty decrease in respect to the photon impulse occurrence in 512 times. An analytical expression for computation of a signal time window correct detection probability in the proposed algorithm of the preliminary stage QKDS synchronization.
The synchronization subsystem is investigated for the quantum key distribution (QKD), where photon pulses are used as sync signals. The analyzed two-stage synchronization algorithm is based on the fact that the pulse-repetition period and the duration of the optical sync signals are known. Analytical expressions are obtained that establish the functional relationship between the energy parameters and probability characteristics of the single-photon synchronization subsystem, and the parameters of an optical fiber, a transmitting optical module, and a single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD). The requirements for the choice of the steps number in the search stage and the allowable tests number that guarantee the maximum length of the communication line are formulated. It is shown that for actually used single-photon avalanche photodiodes, the length of the fiber-optic line is limited due to the frequency of generation of dark current pulses (DCP)by a value of 51 km with a synchronization error probability of 0.05.