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Chinese Physics B

Transient electromagnetically induced transparency spectroscopy of 87Rb atoms in buffer gas

Zi-Shan Xu, Han-Mu Wang, Zeng-Li Ba, Hongping Liu

Published Dec 31, 2021• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study the transient response dynamics of 87Rb atomic vapor buffered in 8 torr Ne gas through an electromagnetically induced transparency configured in Λ-scheme. Experimentally, the temporal transmission spectra versus probe detuning by switching on and off the coupling one show complex structures. The transmitted probe light intensity drops to a minimum value when the coupling light turns off, showing a strong absorption. Even at the moment of turning on the coupling light at a subsequent delayed time, the atomic medium shows a fast transient response. To account for the transient switching feature, in the time-dependent optical Bloch equation, we must take the transverse relaxation dephasing process of atomic vapor into account, as well as the fluorescence relaxation along with the optical absorption. This work supplies a technique to quantify the transverse relaxation time scale and to sensitively monitor its variation along the environment by observing the transient dynamics of coherent medium, which is helpful in characterizing the coherent feature of the atomic medium.

DOI
10.1088/1674-1056/ac4748

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We study the transient response dynamics of 87Rb atomic vapor buffered in 8 torr Ne gas through an electromagnetically induced transparency configured in Λ-scheme. Experimentally, the temporal transmission spectra versus probe detuning by switching on and off the coupling one show complex structures. The transmitted probe light intensity drops to a minimum value when the coupling light turns off, showing a strong absorption. Even at the moment of turning on the coupling light at a subsequent delayed time, the atomic medium shows a fast transient response. To account for the transient switching feature, in the time-dependent optical Bloch equation, we must take the transverse relaxation dephasing process of atomic vapor into account, as well as the fluorescence relaxation along with the optical absorption. This work supplies a technique to quantify the transverse relaxation time scale and to sensitively monitor its variation along the environment by observing the transient dynamics of coherent medium, which is helpful in characterizing the coherent feature of the atomic medium.
We report the experimental observation of transient dynamics in the weak probe coherence under electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in hot Rb atoms with a buffer gas. By modulating the control beam in a non-adiabatic fashion, we have examined the corresponding changes in probe transparency. Upon switching the control beam on, the system evolves through multiple dynamical processes before reaching steady-state transparency. We have decoded each of those dynamical processes region by region and notably observed two-photon damped Rabi oscillations, Raman gain, and direct dark state rotation during this evolution. For the theoretical insight, we have numerically solved the time-dependent density matrix elements for a Λ system, incorporating the buffer gas effects phenomenologically into these equations. Our findings provide a detailed understanding of transient and steady-state dynamics in EIT systems, highlighting the interplay between coherent and incoherent processes and the role of the buffer gas in modulating the evolution. The buffer medium extended relevant timescales, thus enhancing the coherence and stability of the atomic system, which are key factors for practical implementations in precision metrology and quantum optics.
The temporal evolution of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) coherence resonances in pump-probe spectroscopy of degenerate two-level atomic transition is studied for light intensities below saturation. Analytical expressions for the transient absorption spectra are given for simple model systems and a model for the calculation of the time-dependent response of realistic atomic transitions, where the Zeeman degeneracy is fully accounted for, is presented. EIT and EIA resonances have a similar (opposite sign) time-dependent line shape, however, the EIA evolution is slower and thus narrower lines are observed for long interaction time. Qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions is obtained for the transient probe absorption on the 85Rb{}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb D2{D}_{2}D2​ line in an atomic beam experiment.
The propagation of a probe field through a four-level Y-type atomic system is described in the presence of two additional coherent radiation fields, namely, the control field and the coupling field. An expression for the probe response is derived analytically from the optical Bloch equations under steady state condition to study the absorptive properties of the system under probe field propagation through an ensemble of stationary atoms as well as in a Doppler broadened atomic vapor medium. The most striking result is the conversion of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) into electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) as we start switching from weak probe regime to strong probe regime. The dependence of this conversion on residual Doppler averaging due to wavelength mismatch is also shown by choosing the coupling transition as a Rydberg transition.
The temporal evolutions of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) were observed in a Hanle absorption experiment carried on the D2{D}_{2}D2​ lines of 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb vapor by suddenly turning the magnetic field on or off. The main features of the experimental observations are well reproduced by a theoretical model based on Bloch equation where the atomic level degeneracy has been fully accounted for. Similar (opposite phase) evolutions were observed at low optical-field intensities for Hanle-EIT or Hanle-EIA resonances. Unlike the Hanle-EIA transients that are increasingly shorter for driving field intensities approaching saturation, the $B\ensuremath{\ne}0$ transient of the Hanle-EIT signal at large driving field intensities present a long decay time approaching the atomic transit time. Such counterintuitive behavior is interpreted as a consequence of the Zeno effect.
The rapid turn-on of a strong, resonant, continuous wave laser field may trigger the formation of a transient oscillation akin to a train of damped solitons, before the vapor-field system relaxes into a stationary state. We study this transient dynamic on theoretical models of a rubidium vapor. We also consider doubly resonant V systems, for which the transients take the form of trains of damped simultons. We compute the propagating field(s) by solving the Maxwell-Bloch equations, taking homogeneous broadening, Doppler broadening and the full hyperfine structure of the atoms into account. We also compare the actual fields to the stationary dnoidal fields predicted by the Maxwell-Bloch equations in conditions of self-induced transparency. A similar dynamics is expected to occur in any atomic vapor at the turn-on of a strong resonant continuous wave field provided the turn-on is sufficiently fast compared to relaxation.
The transient dynamics of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) are fundamental to understanding coherent light–atom interactions and the advancement of quantum technologies such as optical switching and quantum memory. However, in room-temperature atomic vapors, Doppler broadening significantly alters these dynamics, yet a comprehensive understanding of its impact on the transient EIT response remains lacking. In this study, we combine analytical and numerical methods to investigate the absorption dynamics of a weak probe field in a three-level Λ-type system driven by a strong coupling field, based on the optical Bloch equations and Laplace transform techniques. Our results show that the transient response is highly sensitive to both the atomic spontaneous emission rate and the Rabi frequency of the coupling field. Increasing the coupling field intensity not only accelerates the approach to steady state but also induces oscillatory dynamics and negative absorption. Under Doppler broadening, the time required to reach steady state increases by approximately three orders of magnitude compared to the Doppler-free case—an effect that is surprisingly insensitive to temperature variations across the 100–400 K range. Moreover, restoring a short steady-state time under broadened conditions necessitates increasing the coupling laser intensity by two orders of magnitude. These findings provide key insights into the influence of Doppler broadening on coherent transient processes and offer practical guidelines for the design of room-temperature atomic devices, including quantum memories and optical modulators.