Abstract Current quantum networks are largely constrained to static, point-to-point links, which lack the scalability and resource efficiency required for distributed quantum computing, quantum sensing, and the emerging quantum internet. A critical barrier to progress is the absence of a switching technology capable of routing fragile quantum states without inducing decoherence or distinguishability. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch architecture, a foundational building block allowing non-blocking, encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. An integrated photonic prototype in thin-film lithium niobate is developed for polarization entanglement, allowing a reconfiguration rate up to 1 GHz. We experimentally demonstrate robust electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz with an average fidelity of $96\%$ and a purity of 1, which satisfies the requirement of dynamic distributed quantum error correction between arbitrary quantum computing nodes, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.Abstract Current quantum networks are largely constrained to static, point-to-point links, which lack the scalability and resource efficiency required for distributed quantum computing, quantum sensing, and the emerging quantum internet. A critical barrier to progress is the absence of a switching technology capable of routing fragile quantum states without inducing decoherence or distinguishability. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch architecture, a foundational building block allowing non-blocking, encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. An integrated photonic prototype in thin-film lithium niobate is developed for polarization entanglement, allowing a reconfiguration rate up to 1 GHz. We experimentally demonstrate robust electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz with an average fidelity of $96\%$ and a purity of 1, which satisfies the requirement of dynamic distributed quantum error correction between arbitrary quantum computing nodes, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.

Sep 17, 20260 citations

Quantum Network Architecture and Its Topology

Supriyo Banerjee, Biswajit Maiti, Banaini Saha

Studies in computational intelligenceJan 1, 20230 citations

A Universal Quantum Information Preserving Photonic Switch for Scalable Quantum Networks

Jiapeng Zhao, Stéphane Vinet, Amir Minoofar +6 more

Quantum networks are a keystone of the quantum internet. However, existing implementations remain largely confined to static point-to-point links due to the absence of a switching paradigm capable of dynamically routing fragile quantum entanglement without introducing decoherence. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch, a foundational building block allowing on-demand, non-blocking, and encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. We develop a prototype in thin-film lithium niobate and experimentally demonstrate robust switching with $\le 4\%$ decoherence via thermo-optic modulation and high-speed electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz. Moreover, we show that our platform can support reconfiguration speeds up to 1 GHz. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of multi-node dynamic entanglement distribution at these speeds. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.Quantum networks are a keystone of the quantum internet. However, existing implementations remain largely confined to static point-to-point links due to the absence of a switching paradigm capable of dynamically routing fragile quantum entanglement without introducing decoherence. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch, a foundational building block allowing on-demand, non-blocking, and encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. We develop a prototype in thin-film lithium niobate and experimentally demonstrate robust switching with $\le 4\%$ decoherence via thermo-optic modulation and high-speed electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz. Moreover, we show that our platform can support reconfiguration speeds up to 1 GHz. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of multi-node dynamic entanglement distribution at these speeds. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.

quant-pharXiv:2604.21902Apr 24, 20261 citation

Resource Management in Heterogeneous Quantum Repeater Networks

Naphan Benchasattabuse

In this thesis, I explore whether it is possible to build a unified Quantum Internet architecture that supports different types of quantum repeaters -- especially the two most distinct and seemingly incompatible ones: memory-based quantum repeaters and all-photonic, memoryless repeaters. These technologies have traditionally been developed with the aim of becoming the single dominant solution, but I ask: Can they work together in the same network? What kind of architecture would support both? And how can simulation help us understand what is needed to manage such a network at scale? To address these questions, I propose an architecture based on an existing recursive network design and programmable RuleSet-based protocols that can coordinate diverse hardware components. I introduce a new emitter-photon building block to bridge memory-based and all-photonic segments, and show how classical networking abstractions can be extended to manage quantum operations. While I have developed a simulation tool grounded in these architectural principles and validated it against existing simulators and analytical models, a full-scale investigation of the resource trade-offs and performance implications remains future work. Nevertheless, the results so far suggest that a unified, heterogeneous quantum network is not only possible but increasingly practical with current technologies -- though ongoing experimental progress will be essential to fully realize this vision.In this thesis, I explore whether it is possible to build a unified Quantum Internet architecture that supports different types of quantum repeaters -- especially the two most distinct and seemingly incompatible ones: memory-based quantum repeaters and all-photonic, memoryless repeaters. These technologies have traditionally been developed with the aim of becoming the single dominant solution, but I ask: Can they work together in the same network? What kind of architecture would support both? And how can simulation help us understand what is needed to manage such a network at scale? To address these questions, I propose an architecture based on an existing recursive network design and programmable RuleSet-based protocols that can coordinate diverse hardware components. I introduce a new emitter-photon building block to bridge memory-based and all-photonic segments, and show how classical networking abstractions can be extended to manage quantum operations. While I have developed a simulation tool grounded in these architectural principles and validated it against existing simulators and analytical models, a full-scale investigation of the resource trade-offs and performance implications remains future work. Nevertheless, the results so far suggest that a unified, heterogeneous quantum network is not only possible but increasingly practical with current technologies -- though ongoing experimental progress will be essential to fully realize this vision.

quant-pharXiv:2605.25132May 26, 20260 citations

96\%

and a purity of 1, which satisfies the requirement of dynamic distributed quantum error correction between arbitrary quantum computing nodes, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.

\le 4\%

decoherence via thermo-optic modulation and high-speed electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz. Moreover, we show that our platform can support reconfiguration speeds up to 1 GHz. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of multi-node dynamic entanglement distribution at these speeds. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.