Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2604.21902

A Universal Quantum Information Preserving Photonic Switch for Scalable Quantum Networks

Jiapeng Zhao, Stéphane Vinet, Amir Minoofar, Michael Kilzer, Lucas Wang, Galan Moody, Vijoy Pandey, Ramana Kompella, Reza Nejabati

quant-phphysics.opticsSubmitted Apr 23, 2026• Announced Apr 24, 2026• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum networks are a keystone of the quantum internet. However, existing implementations remain largely confined to static point-to-point links due to the absence of a switching paradigm capable of dynamically routing fragile quantum entanglement without introducing decoherence. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch, a foundational building block allowing on-demand, non-blocking, and encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. We develop a prototype in thin-film lithium niobate and experimentally demonstrate robust switching with $\le 4\%$ decoherence via thermo-optic modulation and high-speed electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz. Moreover, we show that our platform can support reconfiguration speeds up to 1 GHz. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of multi-node dynamic entanglement distribution at these speeds. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.

Related papers

A Quantum Information Preserving Photonic Switch for Scalable Quantum Networks

Jiapeng Zhao, Stephane Vinet, Amir Minoofar +6 more

Abstract Current quantum networks are largely constrained to static, point-to-point links, which lack the scalability and resource efficiency required for distributed quantum computing, quantum sensing, and the emerging quantum internet. A critical barrier to progress is the absence of a switching technology capable of routing fragile quantum states without inducing decoherence or distinguishability. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch architecture, a foundational building block allowing non-blocking, encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. An integrated photonic prototype in thin-film lithium niobate is developed for polarization entanglement, allowing a reconfiguration rate up to 1 GHz. We experimentally demonstrate robust electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz with an average fidelity of $96\%$ and a purity of 1, which satisfies the requirement of dynamic distributed quantum error correction between arbitrary quantum computing nodes, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.

•Sep 17, 2026•0 citations

Resource-Effcient Quantum Beneš Networks

Shu-Ming Hu, Jun-Hao Wei, Nuo-Ya Yang +3 more

Abstract Distributing quantum states and entanglement between multiple pairs of nodes is a fundamental task in quantum communication and distributed quantum computing on large-scale quantum networks. In particular, the simultaneous distribution of quantum states or entanglement among multiple source-destination pairs (quantum k -pair communication task) is an emerging demand for scalable quantum networks. Here, we propose a quantum network architecture based on the Beneš switching topology that provides a universal switching framework for such pairwise communications. Our network architecture requires only O ( k log k ) pre-established entangled resources to accomplish the k -pair communication task, and offers advantages of non-blocking and low latency. We develop routing protocols for concurrent entanglement distribution and analyze their performance under ideal operating assumptions, while also discussing the effects of nonideal entanglement generation, quantum memory decoherence, photon loss, and finite Bell state measurement (BSM) success probability. The proposed framework requires local BSMs and entanglement swapping operations and is compatible in principle with quantum platforms supporting these capabilities. In particular, photonic implementations can benefit from mature photonic components and be compatible with existing telecommunications infrastructure.

Chinese Physics B•Sep 23, 2026•0 citations

Quantum Networking with Diamond and Lithium Niobate Integrated Photonics

Assumpcao, Daniel R

The realization of quantum networks capable of distributing quantum information over kilometer scale distances is key to maximizing the potential of quantum information technology. Implementing this technology requires both the ability to generate remote entanglement between quantum memory nodes, requiring an efficient spin-photon interface, and the ability to efficiently scale the classical optical control and multiplexing optics within a given node. In this work, we develop integrated photonics platforms in diamond and thin film lithium niobate to address both of these issues. Together, these platforms provide the necessary ingredients to create large scale quantum networking technology. For the quantum network nodes, we extend previous results combining diamond nanophotonic resonators with the silicon-vacancy defect as a quantum networking platform. We demonstrate, for the first time, quantum entanglement between SiV quantum memories across 35km in a deployed fiber network. We also develop additional functionalities within the SiV platform including the incorporation of deterministic strain to increase defect yield and deterministic single photon generation with the SiV. In order to enable the scalable control and multiplexing of individual SiV centers necessary for realizing practical quantum network nodes, we develop a state-of-the-art electro-optics platform operating at visible wavelengths using thin film lithium niobate. We develop an understanding of fabrication induced losses at visible wavelengths in the platform and a variety of key devices in the platform including high-bandwidth, low-drive voltage amplitude and phase modulators, as well as high-efficiency off chip couplers. Utilizing this platform we perform ultra-high efficiency electro-optic frequency shifting, achieving a 15 GHz frequency shift with over 50% efficiency. Finally, using our measured device performance, we discuss and model how these devices can effectively multiplex SiV-based quantum nodes. Thus through these two platforms we have demonstrated the necessary ingredients to realize large-scale quantum network nodes.

•Jan 1, 2024•0 citations

High-speed thin-film lithium niobate quantum processor driven by a solid-state quantum emitter

Patrik Isene Sund, Emma Lomonte, Stefano Paesani +9 more

Scalable photonic quantum computing architectures pose stringent requirements on photonic processing devices. The need for low-loss high-speed reconfigurable circuits and near-deterministic resource state generators are some of the most challenging requirements. Here we develop an integrated photonic platform based on thin-film lithium niobate and interface it with deterministic solid-state single-photon sources based on quantum dots in nanophotonic waveguides. The generated photons are processed with low-loss circuits programmable at speeds of several GHz. We realize a variety of key photonic quantum information processing functionalities with the high-speed circuits, including on-chip quantum interference, photon demultiplexing, and reprogrammability of a four-mode universal photonic circuit. These results show a promising path forward for scalable photonic quantum technologies by merging integrated photonics with solid-state deterministic photon sources in a heterogeneous approach to scaling up.

arXiv:2211.05703•Nov 10, 2022•1 citation

A large-scale reconfigurable multiplexed quantum photonic network

Natalia Herrera Valencia, Annameng Ma, Suraj Goel +5 more

The distribution of entanglement in quantum networks will enable the next generation of technologies in quantum-secured communications, distributed quantum computing and sensing. Future quantum networks will require dense connectivity, allowing multiple users to share entanglement in a reconfigurable and multiplexed manner, while long-distance connections are established through the teleportation of entanglement, or entanglement swapping. Although several recent works have demonstrated fully connected, local multi-user networks based on multiplexing, extending such networks to a global network architecture of interconnected local networks remains an outstanding challenge. Here we demonstrate the next step in the evolution of multiplexed quantum networks-a prototype global reconfigurable network in which entanglement is routed and teleported in a flexible and multiplexed manner between two local four-user networks. At the heart of our network is a programmable 8 × 8-dimensional multi-port circuit that harnesses the natural mode-mixing process inside of a multi-mode fibre to implement on-demand high-dimensional operations on two independent photons carrying eight transverse-spatial modes. Our circuit design allows us to break away from the limited planar geometry and bypass the control and fabrication challenges of conventional integrated photonic platforms. Our demonstration highlights the potential of this architecture for enabling large-scale, global quantum networks that offer versatile connectivity while being fully compatible with an existing communications infrastructure.

arXiv:2501.07272•Nature Photonics•Nov 26, 2025•6 citations

A thin film lithium niobate near-infrared platform for multiplexing quantum nodes

Daniel Assumpção, Dylan L. Renaud, Aida Baradari +7 more

Practical quantum networks will require multi-qubit quantum nodes. This in turn will increase the complexity of the photonic circuits needed to control each qubit and require strategies to multiplex memories. Integrated photonics operating at visible to near-infrared (VNIR) wavelength range can provide solutions to these needs. In this work, we realize a VNIR thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) integrated photonics platform with the key components to meet these requirements, including low-loss couplers (<1 dB/facet), switches (>20 dB extinction), and high-bandwidth electro-optic modulators (>50 GHz). With these devices, we demonstrate high-efficiency and CW-compatible frequency shifting (>50% efficiency at 15 GHz), as well as simultaneous laser amplitude and frequency control. Finally, we highlight an architecture for multiplexing quantum memories and outline how this platform can enable a 2-order of magnitude improvement in entanglement rates over single memory nodes. Our results demonstrate that TFLN can meet the necessary performance and scalability benchmarks to enable large-scale quantum nodes.

arXiv:2405.03912•Nature Communications•Dec 2, 2024•34 citations
Quantum networks are a keystone of the quantum internet. However, existing implementations remain largely confined to static point-to-point links due to the absence of a switching paradigm capable of dynamically routing fragile quantum entanglement without introducing decoherence. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch, a foundational building block allowing on-demand, non-blocking, and encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. We develop a prototype in thin-film lithium niobate and experimentally demonstrate robust switching with ≤4%\le 4\%≤4% decoherence via thermo-optic modulation and high-speed electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz. Moreover, we show that our platform can support reconfiguration speeds up to 1 GHz. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of multi-node dynamic entanglement distribution at these speeds. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.
Abstract Current quantum networks are largely constrained to static, point-to-point links, which lack the scalability and resource efficiency required for distributed quantum computing, quantum sensing, and the emerging quantum internet. A critical barrier to progress is the absence of a switching technology capable of routing fragile quantum states without inducing decoherence or distinguishability. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch architecture, a foundational building block allowing non-blocking, encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. An integrated photonic prototype in thin-film lithium niobate is developed for polarization entanglement, allowing a reconfiguration rate up to 1 GHz. We experimentally demonstrate robust electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz with an average fidelity of 96%96\%96% and a purity of 1, which satisfies the requirement of dynamic distributed quantum error correction between arbitrary quantum computing nodes, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.
Abstract Distributing quantum states and entanglement between multiple pairs of nodes is a fundamental task in quantum communication and distributed quantum computing on large-scale quantum networks. In particular, the simultaneous distribution of quantum states or entanglement among multiple source-destination pairs (quantum k -pair communication task) is an emerging demand for scalable quantum networks. Here, we propose a quantum network architecture based on the Beneš switching topology that provides a universal switching framework for such pairwise communications. Our network architecture requires only O ( k log k ) pre-established entangled resources to accomplish the k -pair communication task, and offers advantages of non-blocking and low latency. We develop routing protocols for concurrent entanglement distribution and analyze their performance under ideal operating assumptions, while also discussing the effects of nonideal entanglement generation, quantum memory decoherence, photon loss, and finite Bell state measurement (BSM) success probability. The proposed framework requires local BSMs and entanglement swapping operations and is compatible in principle with quantum platforms supporting these capabilities. In particular, photonic implementations can benefit from mature photonic components and be compatible with existing telecommunications infrastructure.
The realization of quantum networks capable of distributing quantum information over kilometer scale distances is key to maximizing the potential of quantum information technology. Implementing this technology requires both the ability to generate remote entanglement between quantum memory nodes, requiring an efficient spin-photon interface, and the ability to efficiently scale the classical optical control and multiplexing optics within a given node. In this work, we develop integrated photonics platforms in diamond and thin film lithium niobate to address both of these issues. Together, these platforms provide the necessary ingredients to create large scale quantum networking technology. For the quantum network nodes, we extend previous results combining diamond nanophotonic resonators with the silicon-vacancy defect as a quantum networking platform. We demonstrate, for the first time, quantum entanglement between SiV quantum memories across 35km in a deployed fiber network. We also develop additional functionalities within the SiV platform including the incorporation of deterministic strain to increase defect yield and deterministic single photon generation with the SiV. In order to enable the scalable control and multiplexing of individual SiV centers necessary for realizing practical quantum network nodes, we develop a state-of-the-art electro-optics platform operating at visible wavelengths using thin film lithium niobate. We develop an understanding of fabrication induced losses at visible wavelengths in the platform and a variety of key devices in the platform including high-bandwidth, low-drive voltage amplitude and phase modulators, as well as high-efficiency off chip couplers. Utilizing this platform we perform ultra-high efficiency electro-optic frequency shifting, achieving a 15 GHz frequency shift with over 50% efficiency. Finally, using our measured device performance, we discuss and model how these devices can effectively multiplex SiV-based quantum nodes. Thus through these two platforms we have demonstrated the necessary ingredients to realize large-scale quantum network nodes.
Scalable photonic quantum computing architectures pose stringent requirements on photonic processing devices. The need for low-loss high-speed reconfigurable circuits and near-deterministic resource state generators are some of the most challenging requirements. Here we develop an integrated photonic platform based on thin-film lithium niobate and interface it with deterministic solid-state single-photon sources based on quantum dots in nanophotonic waveguides. The generated photons are processed with low-loss circuits programmable at speeds of several GHz. We realize a variety of key photonic quantum information processing functionalities with the high-speed circuits, including on-chip quantum interference, photon demultiplexing, and reprogrammability of a four-mode universal photonic circuit. These results show a promising path forward for scalable photonic quantum technologies by merging integrated photonics with solid-state deterministic photon sources in a heterogeneous approach to scaling up.
The distribution of entanglement in quantum networks will enable the next generation of technologies in quantum-secured communications, distributed quantum computing and sensing. Future quantum networks will require dense connectivity, allowing multiple users to share entanglement in a reconfigurable and multiplexed manner, while long-distance connections are established through the teleportation of entanglement, or entanglement swapping. Although several recent works have demonstrated fully connected, local multi-user networks based on multiplexing, extending such networks to a global network architecture of interconnected local networks remains an outstanding challenge. Here we demonstrate the next step in the evolution of multiplexed quantum networks-a prototype global reconfigurable network in which entanglement is routed and teleported in a flexible and multiplexed manner between two local four-user networks. At the heart of our network is a programmable 8 × 8-dimensional multi-port circuit that harnesses the natural mode-mixing process inside of a multi-mode fibre to implement on-demand high-dimensional operations on two independent photons carrying eight transverse-spatial modes. Our circuit design allows us to break away from the limited planar geometry and bypass the control and fabrication challenges of conventional integrated photonic platforms. Our demonstration highlights the potential of this architecture for enabling large-scale, global quantum networks that offer versatile connectivity while being fully compatible with an existing communications infrastructure.
Practical quantum networks will require multi-qubit quantum nodes. This in turn will increase the complexity of the photonic circuits needed to control each qubit and require strategies to multiplex memories. Integrated photonics operating at visible to near-infrared (VNIR) wavelength range can provide solutions to these needs. In this work, we realize a VNIR thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) integrated photonics platform with the key components to meet these requirements, including low-loss couplers (<1 dB/facet), switches (>20 dB extinction), and high-bandwidth electro-optic modulators (>50 GHz). With these devices, we demonstrate high-efficiency and CW-compatible frequency shifting (>50% efficiency at 15 GHz), as well as simultaneous laser amplitude and frequency control. Finally, we highlight an architecture for multiplexing quantum memories and outline how this platform can enable a 2-order of magnitude improvement in entanglement rates over single memory nodes. Our results demonstrate that TFLN can meet the necessary performance and scalability benchmarks to enable large-scale quantum nodes.