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A Quantum Information Preserving Photonic Switch for Scalable Quantum Networks

Jiapeng Zhao, Stephane Vinet, Amir Minoofar, Michael Kilzer, L. C. Wang, Galan Moody, Vijoy Pandey, Ramana Kompella, Reza Nejabati

Published Sep 17, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Current quantum networks are largely constrained to static, point-to-point links, which lack the scalability and resource efficiency required for distributed quantum computing, quantum sensing, and the emerging quantum internet. A critical barrier to progress is the absence of a switching technology capable of routing fragile quantum states without inducing decoherence or distinguishability. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch architecture, a foundational building block allowing non-blocking, encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. An integrated photonic prototype in thin-film lithium niobate is developed for polarization entanglement, allowing a reconfiguration rate up to 1 GHz. We experimentally demonstrate robust electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz with an average fidelity of $96\%$ and a purity of 1, which satisfies the requirement of dynamic distributed quantum error correction between arbitrary quantum computing nodes, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.

DOI
10.21203/rs.3.rs-10910883/v1

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Abstract Current quantum networks are largely constrained to static, point-to-point links, which lack the scalability and resource efficiency required for distributed quantum computing, quantum sensing, and the emerging quantum internet. A critical barrier to progress is the absence of a switching technology capable of routing fragile quantum states without inducing decoherence or distinguishability. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch architecture, a foundational building block allowing non-blocking, encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. An integrated photonic prototype in thin-film lithium niobate is developed for polarization entanglement, allowing a reconfiguration rate up to 1 GHz. We experimentally demonstrate robust electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz with an average fidelity of 96%96\%96% and a purity of 1, which satisfies the requirement of dynamic distributed quantum error correction between arbitrary quantum computing nodes, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.
Quantum networks are a keystone of the quantum internet. However, existing implementations remain largely confined to static point-to-point links due to the absence of a switching paradigm capable of dynamically routing fragile quantum entanglement without introducing decoherence. Here, we propose the Universal Quantum Switch, a foundational building block allowing on-demand, non-blocking, and encoding-agnostic routing of quantum information, as well as seamless modality conversion between disparate quantum platforms. We develop a prototype in thin-film lithium niobate and experimentally demonstrate robust switching with ≤4%\le 4\%≤4% decoherence via thermo-optic modulation and high-speed electro-optic switching of arbitrary entangled states at 1 MHz. Moreover, we show that our platform can support reconfiguration speeds up to 1 GHz. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of multi-node dynamic entanglement distribution at these speeds. Complementing these experimental results, we project the architecture's scalability, showing dimension-independent decoherence, and provide a scalable, interoperable building block for heterogeneous quantum network fabrics.
Abstract Distributing quantum states and entanglement between multiple pairs of nodes is a fundamental task in quantum communication and distributed quantum computing on large-scale quantum networks. In particular, the simultaneous distribution of quantum states or entanglement among multiple source-destination pairs (quantum k -pair communication task) is an emerging demand for scalable quantum networks. Here, we propose a quantum network architecture based on the Beneš switching topology that provides a universal switching framework for such pairwise communications. Our network architecture requires only O ( k log k ) pre-established entangled resources to accomplish the k -pair communication task, and offers advantages of non-blocking and low latency. We develop routing protocols for concurrent entanglement distribution and analyze their performance under ideal operating assumptions, while also discussing the effects of nonideal entanglement generation, quantum memory decoherence, photon loss, and finite Bell state measurement (BSM) success probability. The proposed framework requires local BSMs and entanglement swapping operations and is compatible in principle with quantum platforms supporting these capabilities. In particular, photonic implementations can benefit from mature photonic components and be compatible with existing telecommunications infrastructure.
The realization of quantum networks capable of distributing quantum information over kilometer scale distances is key to maximizing the potential of quantum information technology. Implementing this technology requires both the ability to generate remote entanglement between quantum memory nodes, requiring an efficient spin-photon interface, and the ability to efficiently scale the classical optical control and multiplexing optics within a given node. In this work, we develop integrated photonics platforms in diamond and thin film lithium niobate to address both of these issues. Together, these platforms provide the necessary ingredients to create large scale quantum networking technology. For the quantum network nodes, we extend previous results combining diamond nanophotonic resonators with the silicon-vacancy defect as a quantum networking platform. We demonstrate, for the first time, quantum entanglement between SiV quantum memories across 35km in a deployed fiber network. We also develop additional functionalities within the SiV platform including the incorporation of deterministic strain to increase defect yield and deterministic single photon generation with the SiV. In order to enable the scalable control and multiplexing of individual SiV centers necessary for realizing practical quantum network nodes, we develop a state-of-the-art electro-optics platform operating at visible wavelengths using thin film lithium niobate. We develop an understanding of fabrication induced losses at visible wavelengths in the platform and a variety of key devices in the platform including high-bandwidth, low-drive voltage amplitude and phase modulators, as well as high-efficiency off chip couplers. Utilizing this platform we perform ultra-high efficiency electro-optic frequency shifting, achieving a 15 GHz frequency shift with over 50% efficiency. Finally, using our measured device performance, we discuss and model how these devices can effectively multiplex SiV-based quantum nodes. Thus through these two platforms we have demonstrated the necessary ingredients to realize large-scale quantum network nodes.
Practical distributed quantum computing and error correction require quantum networks with high-qubit-rate, high-fidelity, and low-reconfiguration-latency. Unfortunately, current approaches are limited by fundamental constraints: single-channel entanglement rates remain at the MHz level with millisecond-level reconfiguration, which is insufficient for fault-tolerant distributed quantum computing. Here, we propose a quantum network architecture that leverages reconfigurable quantum interfaces and wavelength-selective switches to overcome bandwidth and latency constraints. By tuning the frequency and temporal modes of photonic qubits across dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channels, our protocol achieves an entanglement generation rate of up to 183.4 MHz based on our comprehensive modeling of the networked cold atom computing systems. Our architecture enables nanosecond-scale network reconfiguration with low loss, low infidelity, and high dimensionality. Our modeling and simulation are designed for deployable distributed quantum computing and error correction, integrating the quantum interface, network switching, circuit compilation, and execution into a unified framework. The proposed architecture is fully compatible with industry-standard DWDM infrastructure, providing a scalable and cost-effective foundation for distributed quantum computing.
Scalable photonic quantum computing architectures pose stringent requirements on photonic processing devices. The need for low-loss high-speed reconfigurable circuits and near-deterministic resource state generators are some of the most challenging requirements. Here we develop an integrated photonic platform based on thin-film lithium niobate and interface it with deterministic solid-state single-photon sources based on quantum dots in nanophotonic waveguides. The generated photons are processed with low-loss circuits programmable at speeds of several GHz. We realize a variety of key photonic quantum information processing functionalities with the high-speed circuits, including on-chip quantum interference, photon demultiplexing, and reprogrammability of a four-mode universal photonic circuit. These results show a promising path forward for scalable photonic quantum technologies by merging integrated photonics with solid-state deterministic photon sources in a heterogeneous approach to scaling up.
Classical and quantum technologies have traditionally been viewed as orthogonal, with classical systems being deterministic and quantum systems inherently probabilistic. This distinction hinders the development of a scalable quantum internet even as the global internet continues expanding. We report a classical-decisive quantum internet architecture in which the integration of quantum information into advanced photonic technologies enables efficient entanglement distribution over a commercially deployed fiber network. On-chip precise synchronization between classical headers and quantum payloads enables dynamic routing and networking of high-fidelity entanglement guided by classical light. The quantum states are preserved through real-time error mitigation, relying solely on classical signal readout without disturbing quantum information. These classical-decisive features demonstrate a practical path to a scalable quantum internet using existing network infrastructure and operating systems.