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Optics Express

Doppler-broadened four-wave mixing under double-resonance optical pumping in the 5S1/2–5P3/2–4D5/2 transition of warm 87Rb atoms

Hansol Jeong, Heewoo Kim, Jin‐Hyuk Bae, Jiho Park, Han Seb Moon

Published Nov 29, 2021• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate stimulated four-wave mixing (FWM) in the 5S1/2–5P3/2–4D5/2 transition of warm 87Rb atoms. Here, the telecommunication wavelength (1529 nm) of the 5P3/2–4D5/2 transition is nearly twice that of the 5S1/2–5P3/2 transition (780 nm). The observed FWM signals of the 5P3/2–4D5/2 transition indicate that the FWM process is significantly influenced by the two-photon Doppler broadening due to the wavelength difference between both transitions and the double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) effect due to two-step excitation. We elucidate the suppression of the FWM process due to the DROP effect using a simple six-level atomic model.

DOI
10.1364/oe.444135

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The polarization dependence of double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) in the ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the $5{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}$ transition of ${}^{87}$Rb atoms is studied. The transmittance spectra in the $5{S}_{1/2}(F=2)\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3)\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=2,3,4)$ transition were observed as caused by EIT, DROP, and saturation effects in the various polarization combinations between the probe and coupling lasers. The features of the double-structure transmittance spectra in the $5{S}_{1/2}(F=2)\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3)\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=4)$ cycling transition were attributed to the difference in saturation effect according to the transition routes between the Zeeman sublevels and the EIT according to the two-photon transition probability.

Physical Review A•Sep 15, 2011•21 citations
We investigate stimulated four-wave mixing (FWM) in the 5S1/2–5P3/2–4D5/2 transition of warm 87Rb atoms. Here, the telecommunication wavelength (1529 nm) of the 5P3/2–4D5/2 transition is nearly twice that of the 5S1/2–5P3/2 transition (780 nm). The observed FWM signals of the 5P3/2–4D5/2 transition indicate that the FWM process is significantly influenced by the two-photon Doppler broadening due to the wavelength difference between both transitions and the double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) effect due to two-step excitation. We elucidate the suppression of the FWM process due to the DROP effect using a simple six-level atomic model.
We have experimentally and theoretically studied the causes of the transparency spectra of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 and 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transitions of 87Rb atoms. Although, the two-photon resonance of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 transition was not Doppler-free in an Rb vapor, we observed the transparency phenomenon in this transition. The main cause of the transparency of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-4D5/2 transition was double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) due to two-step excitation, and that of the 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transition was DROP and electromagnetically induced transparency due to two-photon coherence. We confirmed the experimental results with theoretical results calculated using the density matrix equations considering all the degenerate magnetic sublevels of both transitions of the 87Rb atoms.
We have investigated the optical pumping effects of single-resonance optical pumping (SROP) and double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) in the ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D3/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. In the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 3)–5D3/2(F'' = 2, 3) transition with the single-resonance cycling 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 3) transition, we observed the transmittance spectrum due to DROP and EIT. Based on our experimental results investigated according to the laser power (the probe and the coupling) and the coupling laser detuning, we revealed that DROP was significant for the transmittance spectrum. Particularly, in the 5S1/2(F = 2)–5P3/2(F' = 1, 2)–5D3/2(F'' = 1) transition without a cycling transition, we observed the two-photon absorption due to two-photon atomic coherence, when the probe laser power was weak and the coupling laser power was strong.
We present the double resonance optical pumping (DROP) effect of ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the 5S1/2-5P3/2-5D5/2 transition of 87Rb atoms. When many atoms of the ladder-type atomic system are simultaneously resonant with the two laser fields, the population of one ground state can be optically pumped into another ground state through intermediate states and excited states. In this paper, we reveal that most previous results for the ladder-type EIT include the DROP effect. When the probe laser is very weak and the coupling laser is strong, we can observe the double structure transmittance spectrum, a narrow spectrum due to the EIT and a broad spectrum due to the DROP, in the 5S1/2(F=2)-5P3/2(F'=3)-5D5/2(F"=4) cycling transition.
Abstract In this work, we report experimental studies on coherence in a medium exhibiting DROP (Double Resonance Optical Pumping)-FWM (Four Wave Mixing). Here 5S1/2(F) → 5P3/2(F/) → 5D (F//) two photon transition of hot 87Rb atoms is used. The 5S→5P connection is modified by introducing an additional beam phase coupled to the original beam linking F = 2 → F/ transition. The frequency of the additional beam is offset from that of the original beam by ≈ +10Γ (Γ is natural linewidth). Such a two-beam configuration in F→F/ manifold effectively satisfies conditions of Vee (V) linkage or degenerate two-level connection (DTLC), depending on the detuning of the 780nm laser. This transformation profoundly affects the behavior of the ensuing Ladder (Ξ) system. While the (I) Ξ +V condition is favorable for Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT), the (ii) Ξ + DTLC brings in the effect of Electromagnetically Induced Absorption (EIA). The EIT-dominated situation is helpful for FWM to take place, and the EIA effect augments the stronger presence of DROP. This condition is verified by monitoring the blue fluorescence emanating from the 5D→6P3/2→5S1/2 decay route. The DROP effect follows the Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) pattern in the media. The origin of blue photons is also due to FWM under EIT conditions. In the case of EIA, the dominant condition increment in blue fluorescence is due to increased stimulated emission. The blue photons mainly contributed by (i) FWM and (ii) increased participation of stimulated emission are directional in nature and phase coherent.
We have studied double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) as a function of the polarization combination of lasers, laser power, and the alignment of lasers in the 5S1/2-5P3/2-D3/2,5/2 ladder-type system of Rb87 atoms. By considering the two-photon transition probability and optical pumping effects, the changes in the relative magnitude of the DROP hyperfine structures as a function of the polarization combination of the lasers were analyzed theoretically. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Owing to the low optical pumping effect in the cycling transition, we could see the dependence of the spectrum on the laser power in the 5P3/2-4D5/2 transition distinctly. Also, the spectral linewidths as a function of the alignment between the lasers were measured 12.2 MHz for copropagating beams and 6.9 MHz for counterpropagating beams.
The polarization dependence of double-resonance optical pumping (DROP) in the ladder-type electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of the $5{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}$ transition of 87{}^{87}87Rb atoms is studied. The transmittance spectra in the $5{S}_{1/2}(F=2)\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3)\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=2,3,4)$ transition were observed as caused by EIT, DROP, and saturation effects in the various polarization combinations between the probe and coupling lasers. The features of the double-structure transmittance spectra in the $5{S}_{1/2}(F=2)\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=3)\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{5/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=4)$ cycling transition were attributed to the difference in saturation effect according to the transition routes between the Zeeman sublevels and the EIT according to the two-photon transition probability.