Cloud computing provides its clients with on-demand resources, such as storage and performance. The idea behind cloud computing is sharing of resources. With growth of cloud computing, the risks of security and privacy are arising. Also, the cloud resources are not secure against quantum computers, as quantum computing threatens the best security controls implemented today, that include ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), RSA, DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) and ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm). Fortunately, there are quantum-safe digital signatures called Hash-based Signatures, which can also protect integrity, authentication and privacy on the cloud. In this work, a hash-based digital signature scheme called WOTS is implemented to avoid security risks imposed by quantum computing on cloud computing. The implementation is carried out in CloudSim simulator. Apart from achieving quantum safety, the results show that our proposed solution is computationally cost effective.
Cloud computing provides its clients with on-demand resources, such as storage and performance. The idea behind cloud computing is sharing of resources. With growth of cloud computing, the risks of security and privacy are arising. Also, the cloud resources are not secure against quantum computers, as quantum computing threatens the best security controls implemented today, that include ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), RSA, DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) and ECDSA (Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm). Fortunately, there are quantum-safe digital signatures called Hash-based Signatures, which can also protect integrity, authentication and privacy on the cloud. In this work, a hash-based digital signature scheme called WOTS is implemented to avoid security risks imposed by quantum computing on cloud computing. The implementation is carried out in CloudSim simulator. Apart from achieving quantum safety, the results show that our proposed solution is computationally cost effective.
The modern advancements in digital technologies and the growing concnern on multiple quantum attacks has shifted the confidence level from classical digital signature schemes to much more advanced cryptographic mechanisms. Considered to be the most significant cryptographic primitive so far, digital-signature schemes developed using hash functions always engrossed researchers as well as academia till now. Studies related to cryptography and related methodologies in the modern era have grown leaps and bounds owing to the constant and unavoidable dependency onIoT devices and its allied technologies. Objective of our proposal is to describe and examine the role of hash-signatures inquantum cryptography. As Internet-of-Things is gaining more focus due to its omnipresent nature where all the devices around us have been embedded with computational and communicational ability to gather, process, digest and understanddifferent types of data. Security of the data transmitted through the sensors in IOT eco system is a critical factor to define the success of the application and this is achieved through cryptographic algorithms like Elliptic-Curve-Cryptosystem. Alternatively, depending on security of legacy security techniques exposes applications and related data to hackers leading to data theft and malfunctioning of IOT apps. As a result, design of application security from legacy methodologies to quantum safe approach is essential for guaranteeing end-to-end security of data. In this paper, we investigate Signature scheme Based on Hash function (HBS) for securing devices in quantum era. Our research is based on Hash based Signature dataset. Since there is an uptick in Cloud based applications, volume of data required to be encrypted has also seen a bigger leap. While many end users have started using cloud computing environment for variousprocesses like storing and retrieval of sensitive data, it becomes essential to offer a safe and secure cyberspace. Our study has utilised Hybrid ECC and AES Algorithm for masking the data and to unmask it effectively. Masked data in files are stored on Cloud storage. Query based keyword search operation results in desired retrieval of required files securely. Our proposed model ensures data to be retrieved with optimal performance measured through different metrics like precision, recall, time required to complete search operation etc
The high growth rate of cloud storage companies has reshaped the digital management of data among individuals and companies. Nevertheless, the future of quantum computing spells a major danger to classical cryptographic algorithms like the RSA and the ECC which forms the backbone to the current cloud security infrastructures. In order to mitigate this new risk, this paper will present a new Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)-based security architecture, customized to cloud storage application. The model combines lattice-based key encapsulation models and hash-based authentication models to provide long-term data confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation. The basic uniqueness of the offered model is its hybrid cryptographic implementation, which will have quantum-resilient key exchange, and a hardened hash-based signature verification as a single workflow of cloud security. This assimilation improves resistance to quantum-based attacks and retains viable computational efficiency. The evaluation of performance shows that the framework can be used in large-scale and distributed cloud systems since it has a well-balanced trade-off between high quantum resilience and controllable processing overheads. The suggested PQC scheme will create moderate overhead and high future-proof security, in comparison to the traditional crypto-systems. The paper portrays the strategic value of shifting towards quantum-resistant encryption systems to guarantee long-term data security in the post-quantum future.
Quantum computing represents one of the most disruptive technological advancements of the 21st century, with profound implications for modern cryptographic systems. Traditional digital signature algorithms—such as RSA, DSA, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)—derive their security from mathematical problems like integer factorization and discrete logarithms, which are computationally infeasible for classical computers. However, the advent of quantum algorithms, particularly Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms, poses a direct threat to these cryptographic assumptions by drastically reducing the time required to solve such problems. This development renders existing Digital Signature infrastructures potentially obsolete once large-scale quantum computers become operational. To counter this threat, researchers have proposed a range of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms, including lattice-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial-based signature schemes, which are designed to resist quantum attacks. This paper critically examines the extent of quantum vulnerability in current Digital Signature systems and evaluates the comparative performance, efficiency, and security trade-offs of post-quantum alternatives. The study aims to provide a structured understanding of the ongoing transition toward quantum-resistant digital authentication and to propose a roadmap for secure implementation in future cryptographic environments.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a serious threat to classical digital signature algorithms such as RSA and ECDSA, which rely on mathematical problems vulnerable to quantum attacks. Hash-based digital signatures offer a strong post-quantum alternative due to their reliance on cryptographic hash functions and their resistance to both classical and quantum adversaries. This study evaluates the feasibility of hash-based signatures in lightweight and resource-constrained environments by implementing three representative schemes: Lamport One-Time Signatures (OTS), Winternitz One-Time Signatures (WOTS), and Merkle-WOTS. The analysis focuses on key performance factors relevant to constrained devices, including key size, signature size, signing time, and verification speed. Experimental results show that while Lamport OTS provides conceptual simplicity and WOTS offers improved efficiency, the Merkle-WOTS scheme delivers the most practical balance. It supports multiple signatures under a compact public key while maintaining moderate signature sizes and competitive performance. These findings indicate that Merkle-WOTS is a strong candidate for post-quantum authentication in IoT and other lightweight embedded systems.
The increasing reliance on cloud storage across sectors has made the protection of sensitive data a critical concern especially as advances in quantum computing threaten to break traditional public-key cryptographic systems. This growing vulnerability raises urgent questions about how to secure digital assets in a post-quantum future. To address this challenge, this study aims to design, implement, and evaluate a hybrid encryption framework that combines symmetric encryption for data confidentiality with quantum-resistant public-key algorithms for key management and digital signatures. The objective was to develop a secure and practical solution that can be readily adopted using open-source tools. The system was built in a Linux-based virtual environment using an S3-compatible object storage platform, integrated with quantum-safe cryptographic libraries, and automated through scripting. Performance testing was conducted using files ranging from 100 MB to 1 GB, with metrics such as encryption and decryption time, CPU usage, upload/download latency, and internet throughput analyzed. The results showed that while quantum-safe operations added some overhead, even large files could be securely processed in under two minutes with stable system performance and no data corruption. These findings confirm that hybrid encryption models can be deployed today without specialized hardware, offering a forward-compatible and robust approach to cloud security. This work contributes a tested and reproducible framework for early adoption of quantum-safe cryptography in real-world cloud environments.
The emergence of quantum computing marks a revolutionary turning point in the evolution of information technology and cybersecurity. While quantum technologies promise extraordinary computational capabilities capable of solving highly complex scientific and industrial problems, they simultaneously introduce unprecedented risks to the cryptographic foundations that secure today’s digital world. Cloud computing, which has become the backbone of modern digital infrastructure, is particularly vulnerable to these evolving threats. As organizations increasingly rely on cloud platforms for data storage, communication, financial transactions, healthcare systems, research, and critical infrastructure management, ensuring long-term cryptographic security has become an urgent global priority. This book, Post-Quantum Security in Cloud Computing: Challenges and Solutions, has been developed to provide a comprehensive exploration of the rapidly evolving intersection between quantum computing, cloud security, and post-quantum cryptography (PQC). The primary objective of this work is to present both foundational concepts and advanced research perspectives that help readers understand the implications of quantum threats on existing cloud ecosystems and the emerging solutions designed to mitigate them. The chapters in this book collectively examine the vulnerabilities of classical cryptographic systems against quantum algorithms such as Shor’s Algorithm and Grover’s Algorithm, which threaten widely deployed security mechanisms including RSA, Diffie–Hellman, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography. The book further introduces the theoretical and practical foundations of post-quantum cryptography, covering lattice-based, code-based, multivariate, and hash-based cryptographic schemes that are being developed as quantum-resistant alternatives. Beyond theoretical concepts, this book emphasizes practical implementation challenges in cloud environments, including scalability, performance overhead, key management, hybrid cryptographic architectures, secure identity infrastructures, and deployment strategies across distributed and multi-cloud systems. Special attention has also been given to experimental evaluations, benchmarking methodologies, and emerging research directions that will shape the future of quantum-safe cloud security. This work is intended for students, academic researchers, cybersecurity professionals, cloud architects, and policymakers who seek a structured and research-oriented understanding of post-quantum cloud security. By combining theoretical insights with practical perspectives, the book aims to serve as a valuable reference for understanding current developments and preparing for the transition toward quantum-resilient computing infrastructures. The successful completion of this book would not have been possible without the contributions of the global research community working tirelessly in the fields of cryptography, quantum computing, cloud security, and distributed systems. Their groundbreaking research and continuous innovation have inspired many of the ideas discussed throughout this work. It is our sincere hope that this book will contribute meaningfully to the ongoing efforts toward building secure, scalable, and future-ready cloud systems capable of withstanding the challenges of the quantum era.