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Optics Express

Giant and tunable Goos-Hänchen shift with a high reflectance induced by PT-symmetry in atomic vapor

Peng Han, Wenxiu Li, Yang Zhou, Shuo Jiang, Xiaoyang Chang, Anping Huang, Hao Zhang, Zhisong Xiao

Published Aug 30, 2021• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts of light beams reflected from conventional passive optical systems could be enhanced using the Brewster angle effect or resonance effect, but the maximum GH shift is located at the reflectance minima, which is difficult for experimental detection. In this paper, we present an efficient and flexible scheme to realize complex parity-time (PT)-symmetric periodic optical potentials (complex crystals) in helium atomic vapor. The GH shifts of probe light reflected from the complex crystal are theoretically investigated and large GH shifts could be obtained inside the high-reflection band. When the complex crystal is operated near the coherent perfect absorption-laser point, the maximum GH shift of probe light is exactly located at the reflectance peak. Moreover, the GH shifts could be easily controlled by adjusting the intensity of control light.

DOI
10.1364/oe.432082

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The Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts of light beams reflected from conventional passive optical systems could be enhanced using the Brewster angle effect or resonance effect, but the maximum GH shift is located at the reflectance minima, which is difficult for experimental detection. In this paper, we present an efficient and flexible scheme to realize complex parity-time (PT)-symmetric periodic optical potentials (complex crystals) in helium atomic vapor. The GH shifts of probe light reflected from the complex crystal are theoretically investigated and large GH shifts could be obtained inside the high-reflection band. When the complex crystal is operated near the coherent perfect absorption-laser point, the maximum GH shift of probe light is exactly located at the reflectance peak. Moreover, the GH shifts could be easily controlled by adjusting the intensity of control light.
In this work, we investigate the manipulation of the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts, referring to the lateral displacement of light beams at planar interfaces, in a global sodium atomic vapor medium by utilizing its tunable optical characteristics under the coherent control fields and the variable incident angles (0.6rad≤θ≤0.8rad). We achieve this by accurately manipulating probe detuning and control field intensities using a technique called 'electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)'. EIT is a quantum interference effect that makes a medium transparent to a probe beam. By combining a near-resonant probe beam with transitions in the sodium atoms [D₂ line (5S1/2​→5P3/2)​], we obtain remarkable amplification of absorption, reflection, and transmission with spatially shifted beams that present up to ±4λ bidirectional GH shifts in reflection and ±2λ in transmission. The non-ideal normalization condition (∣T∣2+∣R∣2+∣A∣2<1) results from the redistribution of energy due to these shifts and indicates that established efficiency bounds no longer apply in coherent media. The GH-shifted beams astonishingly also maintain uniform intensity profiles at large displacements. Here, then, angular-dependent reflection pivots peak around critical angles, and transmission shifts are dynamically tunable, all emphasizing the atomic susceptibility gradients as key shapers for beam steering. These observations reveal unprecedented promise in applications, such as super-precision optical measurement, sub-wavelength displacement detection, and refractive index measurement, thus making sodium atomic vapors a tunable platform for advanced photonic devices with unique and high sensitivity. Keywords: Goos-Hänchen shift, Sodium atomic vapor, Atomic coherence, Beam displacement sensing, Optical susceptibility modulation
Influence of PT\mathcal{PT}PT symmetry on the Goos-H\"anchen (GH) shift in the reflected light is presented for an ensemble of atomic medium in a cavity, in the configuration of four-level NNN-type (87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms) systems driving by two copropagating strong laser fields and a weak probe field. The atom-field interaction follows the realization of PT\mathcal{PT}PT symmetry by adjusting the coupling field detunings [J. Sheng et al., Phys. Rev. A 88, 041803(R) (2013)]. A giant enhancement for the GH shift in the reflected light is revealed when the PT\mathcal{PT}PT-symmetry condition is satisfied.
We propose a scheme for realizing nonreciprocal and largely enhanced Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts in a lattice of cold atoms exhibiting the parity-time ( P T ) antisymmetric susceptibility when driven by a probe beam and a coupling beam. This atomic lattice in the free space allows to attain unidirectionally detectable nonreciprocal GH shifts for reflected probe beams provided a Bragg bright resonance is tuned to overlap with an exceptional point. Placing this atomic lattice in an optical cavity, we can further attain bidirectionally detectable nonreciprocal GH shifts for reflected probe beams, benefiting from the interplay between a Bragg bright resonance and a cavity dark resonance. Nonreciprocal GH shifts in our cavity-assisted P T -antisymmetric atomic lattice exhibit the advantages of dynamic tunability and reversibility, while enhanced up to hundreds of probe wavelengths, in the case of nonzero detectable reflections.
We proposed an effective and flexible scheme to achieve tunable giant Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift of reflected light in the configuration of guided-wave surface plasmon resonance with Rydberg atoms. With the super atom model of Rydberg atom due to the dipole blocking effect, we investigated the influence of Rydberg state population on GH displacement. By adjusting the external driving field on Rydberg atoms without changing the structure geometry, not only can GH shift be enhanced significantly to the magnitude of millimeter, but also the transition between positive and negative GH shift can be controlled at the same resonant angles. Furthermore, the resonant angle position of the maximum GH shift is also tunable via detuning the field. Our scheme may offer promising prospects for the optical switches and nano-sensors with high precision.
A metal-clad waveguide backed by a coherent atomic medium is proposed to achieve tunable giant spatial and angular Goos-H\"anchen (GH) shifts. With a metal layer of appropriate thickness, a large GH shift can occur simultaneously for transverse-magnetic- and transverse-electric-polarized light beams when the waveguide modes are resonantly excited. The phase change and dip slope of the reflection coefficient around the resonance angle are closely related to the system's internal damping, which depends on the absorption of the medium. Then based on the quantum coherence effect, the spatial and angular shifts can be greatly enhanced by adjusting the parameters of the atomic system. The lateral displacement can also be switched from positive to negative or vice versa via coherent control of the absorption by the medium. Moreover, the dependence of the resonance angle of the guided mode on the refractive index makes the peak position of GH shifts tunable. The proposed scheme provides more flexibility for manipulating the spatial and the angular GH shifts, and it has potential applications in optical switches, beam steering, etc.
The influence of spontaneous generated coherence (SGC) on the Goos–Hänchen (GH) shift in the reflected light is presented. A weak probe light is incident on a cavity containing three-level gaseous atomic medium consist of 85Rb atoms. The atom–field interaction follows electromagnetically induced transparency configuration, and the SGC modifies the dispersion and absorption properties of a system [Y. Niu and S. Gong, Phys. Rev. A 73, 053811 (2006)]. The SGC enhances the Kerr nonlinearity which leads to giant negative and positive GH shifts in the reflected light. Further, the control of negative and positive GH shifts is achieved via manipulation of probe field detuning.