This paper examines the history from EPR argument to Bell’s inequality and the influence of Bell’s inequality on the frontier exploration of quantum mechanics. It is found that Bell’s inequality has some hidden assumptions different from EPR argument: Following Schrodinger's assumption that the measurement process of EPR experiment undergos time, Karl Hess regards time as an implicit variable of time series, and Joy Christian obtains a local implicit variable inequality different from Bell's inequality. They extended the relativistic space-time geometric analysis method to the localized geometric morphological analysis of quantum states, and considered that the Bell’s inequality reasoning did not meet the requirements of the completeness of EPR argument. Quantum statistics given by identical particles is different from classical statistics. Innovative ensemble interpretation can also solve Bell's inequality and give a demonstration of quantum non-locality. The main research progress of quantum gravity is great, but there are many divergences. According to Einstein's local realism, the new explanation and expression of quantum mechanics may open up new ideas for the study of quantum gravity.
This paper examines the history from EPR argument to Bell’s inequality and the influence of Bell’s inequality on the frontier exploration of quantum mechanics. It is found that Bell’s inequality has some hidden assumptions different from EPR argument: Following Schrodinger's assumption that the measurement process of EPR experiment undergos time, Karl Hess regards time as an implicit variable of time series, and Joy Christian obtains a local implicit variable inequality different from Bell's inequality. They extended the relativistic space-time geometric analysis method to the localized geometric morphological analysis of quantum states, and considered that the Bell’s inequality reasoning did not meet the requirements of the completeness of EPR argument. Quantum statistics given by identical particles is different from classical statistics. Innovative ensemble interpretation can also solve Bell's inequality and give a demonstration of quantum non-locality. The main research progress of quantum gravity is great, but there are many divergences. According to Einstein's local realism, the new explanation and expression of quantum mechanics may open up new ideas for the study of quantum gravity.
This paper examines the history of Bell’s inequality from EPR argument to Bell’s papers, and the influence of Bell’s inequality on the frontier exploration of quantum mechanics. It is found that Bell’s inequality has some hidden assumptions that are different from EPR argument. Some scholars have led to the erroneous conclusion that quantum information exceeds the speed of light. Along Schrodinger's idea that the measurement process of the EPR experiment requires time, Karl Hess treated time as a time order parameter, and got a local hidden variable inequality that is different from Bell’s inequality. Joy Christian extended the method of space-time geometry analysis of relativity to the localized geometry analysis of quantum states, and found that the reasoning of Bell’s inequality does not meet the requirements of the completeness of EPR argument. The mainstream quantum gravity researches have made great progress, but there are many disagreements. According to Einstein's local realism, some new interpretations and new representations of quantum mechanics are given, which may open up new ideas for quantum gravity research.
This paper examines the history of Bell’s inequality from EPR argument to Bell’s papers, and the influence of Bell’s inequality on the frontier exploration of quantum mechanics. It is found that Bell’s inequality has some hidden assumptions that are different from EPR argument. Along Schrodinger’s idea that the measurement process of the EPR experiment requires time, Karl Hess and his follows treat time as a time order parameter, by extending the method of space-time geometry analysis of relativity to the localized geometry analysis of quantum states, it is believed that the reasoning of Bell’s inequality does not meet the requirements of the completeness of EPR argument. Analyzing the non locality of gravitational energy in general relativity makes it necessary for us to seek a more localized expression of relativistic gravitational theory. Based on local realism, exploring new interpretations and expressions of quantum mechanics may open up new avenues for studying quantum gravity. We found that Lorentz almost discovered the incompleteness of general relativity but erroneously insisted on the concepts of ether and absolute space, just as Einstein correctly discovered the flaws in the non local representation of quantum mechanics based on outdated determinism.
In the early 1960s, John Bell decided to look once again at the hidden variable problem in quantum mechanics, through an examination of the A. Einstein, with B. Podolsky and N. Rosen (EPR) paradox. Proposals for proofs against the possibility of hidden variables had been advanced both before and after EPR. Bell developed both a “theorem” and an inequality, but this may be overstating the case. Most interpretations are that Bell is ruling out any “action-at-a-distance” type of interactions or variables, but would accept that such forces could violate the inequality. By triple of random variables, mentioned by A. Yu. Krennikov, one has to think once again about the experiment suggested by the Bell inequality. Bell has assumed that the set of hidden variables, and more importantly the probability function of the hidden variables, is unchanging. K. Hess and Walter Philipp began to worry about this assumption, because it has some implicit assumptions of its own.
Abstract One of the Bell’s assumptions in the original derivation of his inequalities was the hypothesis of locality, i.e., the absence of the influence of two remote measuring instruments on one another. That is why violations of these inequalities observed in experiments are often interpreted as a manifestation of the nonlocal nature of quantum mechanics, or a refutation of a local realism. It is well known that the Bell’s inequality was derived in its traditional form, without resorting to the hypothesis of locality and without the introduction of hidden variables, the only assumption being that the probability distributions are nonnegative. This can therefore be regarded as a rigorous proof that the hypothesis of locality and the hypothesis of existence of the hidden variables not relevant to violations of Bell’s inequalities. The physical meaning of the obtained results is examined. Physical nature of the violation of the Bell inequalities is explained under new EPR-B nonlocality postulate. We show that the correlations of the observables involved in the Bohm–Bell type experiments can be expressed as correlations of classical random variables. The revisited Bell type inequality in canonical notatons reads 〈AB〉 + 〈A’B〉 + 〈AB’〉 − 〈A’B’〉 ⩽ 6.
An overview of the history of Bell’s inequality is given, beginning with the so-called EPR paradox originally put forward by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen and the impossibility proof of von Neumann. Bell’s inequality, which ultimately shifted the discussion from arguments based on philosophically introduced postulates to the domain of experimental physics, is presented together with experimental attempts from the early 1970s to 2010s to violate this inequality. We introduce three historical loopholes in the experimental schemes which have prevented experimentalists from being able to fully disprove the possibility of a hidden-variables description of nature. Recent experimental data indicate that all the main loopholes are now closed for photons (albeit not simultaneously in one experiment). Besides the class of stochastic local realism that have been tested experimentally, some other possible classical interpretations are mentioned.
Bell inequalities are intended to formulate mathematically the argument of the thought-experiment proposed by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) in the Einstein-Bohr Debate. Devised to test Bell inequalities against quantum mechanics for resolving the Einstein-Bohr debate, Bell experiments are purportedly modern versions of the EPR experiment. However, there exists a fatal logical flaw in Bell experiments. Because of the logical flaw, Bell experiments differ essentially from the EPR experiment, and quantum correlation in the EPR experiment is not "quantum entanglement" in Bell experiments; the latter is not physically meaningful. In addition to the logical flaw in Bell experiments, a physical constraint imposed on measuring individual quantum objects is violated by all Bell inequalities, which makes Bell inequalities physically meaningless. Unlike Bell experiments, the EPR experiment will not violate any physical constraint, and the EPR argument has no logical flaw. Consequently, the experimental invalidation of Bell inequalities is not evidence for falsifying the two fundamental hypotheses for scientific research, i.e., locality and realism, underlying the EPR experiment, and by no means can Bell experiments resolve the Einstein-Bohr debate. Stemming from abandoning either locality or realism or both, the so-called new applications of quantum mechanics, including various quantum information technologies, are all ineligible and doomed to failure, for they attempt to exploit physically meaningless "quantum superposition" or "quantum entanglement", treating them as physical resources "out there" in the real world.