Photons are good candidates for carrying quantum information because they are very stable particles: they interact weakly with the medium and barely with each other. However, this has drawbacks when you want to process the information because, in this case, it is preferable to have photon-photon interactions. For example, for applications in quantum repeaters, such interactions would allow deterministic Bell state measurements, increasing the entanglement distribution rate between two remote nodes. Getting two photons to interact with each other efficiently requires mapping them into a nonlinear medium at the single-photon level, that is, a medium that reacts differently when it interacts with a single photon than when it does with two. Such strong nonlinearity has been demonstrated with Rydberg atoms, which are atoms excited to a state with a high principal quantum number.
In this thesis we have performed nonlinear quantum optics experiments using an ensemble of cold Rydberg atoms, where we have studied the properties of the quantum light emitted by these atoms. First, we demonstrated nonlinearities at the single-photon level. To reach this stage, we made several improvements to the previous experimental setup available in the group, of which the implementation of a dipole trap was especially relevant. We evidence quantum nonlinearity by measuring photon antibunching for the transmitted light after interacting with the Rydberg state under electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We also showed the generation of single photons on-demand after storing weak coherent states of light pulses as collective Rydberg excitations.
Then, we studied the variation of the light statistic throughout the output pulse after propagating through the medium as Rydberg polaritons, which are superposition states of light and Rydberg excitations. We showed that the properties at the beginning and the end of the pulse were different from those of the steady state. In particular, the light detected after the input pulse was abruptly turned off gave much stronger suppression of two-photon events. Then, we investigated how to exploit this effect to generate single photons on demand. To do this, we analyzed the quality of the single photons detected at the end of the pulse as a function of the detection probability and compared the results with those obtained by storing the input pulse as collective Rydberg excitations. We showed that the photons were generated more efficiently when increasing the detection window at the cost of deteriorating the single photons statistics.
Finally, we investigated the indistinguishability of the photons emitted by our Rydberg atomic ensemble, a crucial property for using Rydberg atoms as nodes in quantum networks. We also compared the single photons generated after storage under EIT conditions with those obtained using a two-photon Raman excitation to the Rydberg state. We measured the indistinguishability by making them interfere with weak coherent states of light in a Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment. And we showed that, although we obtained better photon statistics under EIT conditions, the indistinguishability from those obtained with Raman excitation was significantly higher.
Photons are good candidates for carrying quantum information because they are very stable particles: they interact weakly with the medium and barely with each other. However, this has drawbacks when you want to process the information because, in this case, it is preferable to have photon-photon interactions. For example, for applications in quantum repeaters, such interactions would allow deterministic Bell state measurements, increasing the entanglement distribution rate between two remote nodes. Getting two photons to interact with each other efficiently requires mapping them into a nonlinear medium at the single-photon level, that is, a medium that reacts differently when it interacts with a single photon than when it does with two. Such strong nonlinearity has been demonstrated with Rydberg atoms, which are atoms excited to a state with a high principal quantum number.
In this thesis we have performed nonlinear quantum optics experiments using an ensemble of cold Rydberg atoms, where we have studied the properties of the quantum light emitted by these atoms. First, we demonstrated nonlinearities at the single-photon level. To reach this stage, we made several improvements to the previous experimental setup available in the group, of which the implementation of a dipole trap was especially relevant. We evidence quantum nonlinearity by measuring photon antibunching for the transmitted light after interacting with the Rydberg state under electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We also showed the generation of single photons on-demand after storing weak coherent states of light pulses as collective Rydberg excitations.
Then, we studied the variation of the light statistic throughout the output pulse after propagating through the medium as Rydberg polaritons, which are superposition states of light and Rydberg excitations. We showed that the properties at the beginning and the end of the pulse were different from those of the steady state. In particular, the light detected after the input pulse was abruptly turned off gave much stronger suppression of two-photon events. Then, we investigated how to exploit this effect to generate single photons on demand. To do this, we analyzed the quality of the single photons detected at the end of the pulse as a function of the detection probability and compared the results with those obtained by storing the input pulse as collective Rydberg excitations. We showed that the photons were generated more efficiently when increasing the detection window at the cost of deteriorating the single photons statistics.
Finally, we investigated the indistinguishability of the photons emitted by our Rydberg atomic ensemble, a crucial property for using Rydberg atoms as nodes in quantum networks. We also compared the single photons generated after storage under EIT conditions with those obtained using a two-photon Raman excitation to the Rydberg state. We measured the indistinguishability by making them interfere with weak coherent states of light in a Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment. And we showed that, although we obtained better photon statistics under EIT conditions, the indistinguishability from those obtained with Raman excitation was significantly higher.
Photons are good candidates for carrying quantum information because they are very stable particles: they interact weakly with the medium and barely with each other. However, this has drawbacks when you want to process the information because, in this case, it is preferable to have photon-photon interactions. For example, for applications in quantum repeaters, such interactions would allow deterministic Bell state measurements, increasing the entanglement distribution rate between two remote nodes. Getting two photons to interact with each other efficiently requires mapping them into a nonlinear medium at the single-photon level, that is, a medium that reacts differently when it interacts with a single photon than when it does with two. Such strong nonlinearity has been demonstrated with Rydberg atoms, which are atoms excited to a state with a high principal quantum number. In this thesis we have performed nonlinear quantum optics experiments using an ensemble of cold Rydberg atoms, where we have studied the properties of the quantum light emitted by these atoms. First, we demonstrated nonlinearities at the single-photon level. To reach this stage, we made several improvements to the previous experimental setup available in the group, of which the implementation of a dipole trap was especially relevant. We evidence quantum nonlinearity by measuring photon antibunching for the transmitted light after interacting with the Rydberg state under electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We also showed the generation of single photons on-demand after storing weak coherent states of light pulses as collective Rydberg excitations. Then, we studied the variation of the light statistic throughout the output pulse after propagating through the medium as Rydberg polaritons, which are superposition states of light and Rydberg excitations. We showed that the properties at the beginning and the end of the pulse were different from those of the steady state. In particular, the light detected after the input pulse was abruptly turned off gave much stronger suppression of two-photon events. Then, we investigated how to exploit this effect to generate single photons on demand. To do this, we analyzed the quality of the single photons detected at the end of the pulse as a function of the detection probability and compared the results with those obtained by storing the input pulse as collective Rydberg excitations. We showed that the photons were generated more efficiently when increasing the detection window at the cost of deteriorating the single photons statistics. Finally, we investigated the indistinguishability of the photons emitted by our Rydberg atomic ensemble, a crucial property for using Rydberg atoms as nodes in quantum networks. We also compared the single photons generated after storage under EIT conditions with those obtained using a two-photon Raman excitation to the Rydberg state. We measured the indistinguishability by making them interfere with weak coherent states of light in a Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment. And we showed that, although we obtained better photon statistics under EIT conditions, the indistinguishability from those obtained with Raman excitation was significantly higher. Els fotons són bons candidats per transportar informació quàntica perquè són partícules molt estables: interaccionen dèbilment amb el medi i, amb prou feines, entre ells. Això també presenta inconvenients quan es vol processar la informació perquè, en aquest cas, és preferible tenir interaccions fotó-fotó. Per exemple, per a aplicacions en repetidors quàntics, aquestes interaccions permetrien mesuraments deterministes d'estats de Bell, produint un augment de la velocitat de distribució de l'entrellaçament entre dos nodes remots. Fer que dos fotons interactuïn entre ells de manera eficient requereix mapejar-los en un medi no lineal a nivell d'un sol fotó, és a dir, un medi que reacciona de manera diferent quan interactua amb un sol fotó que quan ho fa amb dos. Una no linealitat tan forta ha estat demostrada amb àtoms de Rydberg, que són àtoms excitats a un estat amb un nombre quàntic principal alt. En aquesta tesi hem realitzat experiments d'òptica quàntica no lineal emprant conjunts d'àtoms freds de Rydberg, on hem estudiat les propietats de la llum quàntica emesa per aquests àtoms. En primer lloc, vam demostrar no linealitats a nivell d'un sol fotó. Per arribar a aquest estat, vam realitzar diverses millores a la configuració experimental anterior disponible al grup, de les quals va ser especialment rellevant la implementació d'un parany dipolar. La no linealitat quàntica es va evidenciar mesurant el desagrupament dels fotons de la llum transmesa després d'interactuar amb l'estat de Rydberg sota transparència induïda electromagnèticament (TIE). També vam comprovar la generació de fotons individuals sota demanda després d'emmagatzemar estats coherents febles de polsos de llum com excitacions col ·lectives de Rydberg. A continuació vam estudiar la variació de l'estadística de la llum al llarg del pols de sortida despr és de propagar-se a través del medi com a polaritons de Rydberg, que són estats de superposició de llum i excitacions de Rydberg. Es va demostrar que les propietats al principi i al final del pols eren diferents a les de l'estat estable. En particular, la llum detectada després que el pols d'entrada s'apagués abruptament va donar una supressió molt més gran dels esdeveniments de dos fotons. Tot seguit, vam investigar com aquest efecte podria usar-se per generar fotons individuals sota demanda. Per a fer-ho, vam analitzar la qualitat dels fotons individuals detectats a la fi del pols en funció de la probabilitat de detectar-los i vam comparar els resultats amb els obtinguts emmagatzemant el pols d'entrada com excitacions col ·lectives de Rydberg. D'aquesta manera, vam poder comprovar que els fotons es van generar més eficientment quan vam augmentar la finestra de detecció a costa de deteriorar l'estadística dels fotons individuals. Finalment, vam investigar la indistingibilitat dels fotons emesos pel nostre conjunt atòmic de Rydberg, una propietat crucial per utilitzar àtoms de Rydberg com a nodes de xarxes quàntiques. També vam comparar els fotons individuals generats després de l'emmagatzematge en condicions de TIE amb els obtinguts emprant una excitació Raman de dos fotons a l'estat de Rydberg. La indistingibilitat es va medir fent-los interferir amb estats coherents febles de llum en un experiment de Hong- Ou-Mandel. I vam demostrar que, tot i que vam obtenir millors estadístiques dels fotons en condicions de TIE, l'indistingibilitat dels obtinguts amb excitació Raman resultava significativament més gran Los fotones son buenos candidatos para transportar información cuántica porque son partículas muy estables: interaccionan débilmente con el medio y apenas entre ellos. Sin embargo, esto presenta inconvenientes cuando se quiere procesar la información porque, en este caso, es preferible tener interacciones fotón-fotón. Por ejemplo, para aplicaciones en repetidores cuánticos, tales interacciones permitirán mediciones deterministas de estados de Bell, aumentando la velocidad de distribución del entrelazamiento entre dos nodos remotos. Hacer que dos fotones interactúen entre sí de manera eficiente requiere mapearlos en un medio no lineal a nivel de un solo fotón, es decir, un medio que reacciona de manera diferente cuando interactúa con un solo fotón que cuando lo hace con dos. Una no linealidad tan fuerte ha sido demostrada con átomos de Rydberg, que son átomos excitados a un estado con un número cuántico principal alto. En esta tesis hemos realizado experimentos de óptica cuántica no lineal utilizando conjuntos de átomos fríos de Rydberg, donde hemos estudiado las propiedades de la luz cuántica emitida por estos átomos. En primer lugar, demostramos no linealidades a nivel de un solo fotón. Para llegar a este estado, realizamos varias mejoras a la configuración experimental anterior disponible en el grupo, de las cuales fue especialmente relevante la implementación de una trampa dipolar. La no linealidad cuántica se evidenció midiendo un desagrupamiento de los fotones de la luz transmitida después de interactuar con el estado de Rydberg bajo transparencia inducida electromagnéticamente (TIE). También comprobamos la generación de fotones individuales bajo demanda después de almacenar estados coherentes débiles de pulsos de luz como excitaciones colectivas de Rydberg. A continuación, estudiamos la variación de la estadística de la luz a lo largo del pulso de salida después de propagarse a través del medio como polaritones de Rydberg, que son estados de superposición de luz y excitaciones de Rydberg. Se demostró que las propiedades al principio y al final del pulso eran diferentes a las del estado estable. En particular, la luz detectada después de que el pulso de entrada se apagara abruptamente dio una supresión mucho mayor de los eventos de dos fotones. Seguidamente, investigamos cómo este efecto podría usarse para generar fotones individuales bajo demanda. Para ello, analizamos la calidad de los fotones individuales detectados al final del pulso en función de la probabilidad de detectarlos y comparamos los resultados con los obtenidos almacenando el pulso de entrada como excitaciones colectivas de Rydberg. Pudimos así comprobar que los fotones se generaron más eficientemente cuando incrementamos la ventana de detección a costa de deteriorar la estadística de los fotones individuales. Finalmente, investigamos la indistinguibilidad de los fotones emitidos por nuestro conjunto atómico de Rydberg, una propiedad crucial para usar átomos de Rydberg como nodos de redes cuánticas. También comparamos los fotones individuales generados después del almacenamiento en condiciones de TIE con los obtenid
Interacting Rydberg excitations in cold atomic ensembles can exhibit large quantum nonlinearities that enable engineering of strong interactions between individual photons. Consequently, Rydberg ensembles are a promising platform for quantum information applications and the study of more fundamental physics of few- and many-body phenomena with interacting photons. This thesis presents a series of experiments that study and exploit different regimes of Rydberg-mediated interactions. We report the realization of an efficient on-demand single-photon source. The strong long-range Rydberg interactions allow the excitation of only a single collective Rydberg state within the entire atomic medium. The collective excitation can be subsequently retrieved as a single-photon. We use this scheme to generate highly pure and highly indistinguishable photons, which are suitable for scalable quantum information applications. These photons can be compatible with other atomic systems due to their narrow bandwidth, which makes building practical hybrid quantum systems feasible. Here, we demonstrate high visibility two-photon quantum interference between our Rydberg-produced photons, and photons emitted by a remote single-trapped ion. We also study Rydberg atoms under electromagnetically induced transparency conditions, where coherent superpostions of photons and Rydberg excitations propagate through the atomic medium as lossless dark-state polaritons. In the experiment, we use the external control fields to tune the interactions to a many-body regime where we can observe resonant scattering of dark-state polaritons to lossy channels. We show that the enhanced scattering process arises as a pure three-body effect.
Mapping the strong interaction between Rydberg excitations in ultra-cold atomic ensembles onto single photons enables the realization of optical nonlinearities which can modify light on the level of individual photons.This novel approach forms the basis of a growing Rydberg quantum optics toolbox, which already contains photonic logic building-blocks such as single-photon sources, switches, transistors, and conditional π-phase shifts.This thesis reports on two experiments investigating strong photon-photon interactions mediated by Rydberg interactions.First, applying a ladder-type EIT scheme to Rydberg atoms in D-states with high principal quantum number results in the Rydberg interaction mediated nonlinearity accompanied by a time-dependent decay of transmission of probe light through the medium.In a joint experimental and theoretical analysis, this effect is attributed to the dephasing of propagating polaritons into stationary Rydberg excitations caused by the state mixing interaction occurring with Rydberg D-state atoms.Second, via a two-photon Raman excitation scheme Rydberg atoms are efficiently excited in a small atomic cloud.As the size of the Rydberg blockade exceeds the dimension of the medium, only a single Rydberg excitation can be present at a time.By fast engineered dephasing this Rydberg excitation is decoupled from the light field.Measurement of the transmitted light and the amount of excited Rydberg atoms gives evidence for the realization of a deterministic single-photon absorber.
High optical nonlinearities can be achieved at the single photon level by coupling the photon states to strongly interacting Rydberg excitations under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency. The nonlinear response in Rydberg quantum optics comes as a direct result of the long range dipole-dipole interactions via Rydberg blockade and interaction induced dephasing. In this thesis, Rydberg quantum optics experiments are performed with two spatially separated mediums with a nonlinear response at the single photon level. Two ultracold rubidium atomic clouds are tightly confined by a pair of in-vacuo aspheric lenses such that only a few Rydberg excitations can exist in each one of the clouds simultaneously. The long range character of the dipole-dipole interactions leads to the generation of quantum states of light. The effective photon-photon interactions are directly observed as an anti-correlation in the simultaneous photon retrieval as a result of the non resonant van der Waals interactions. The collective Rydberg excitations, stored in the non-overlapping mediums, experience an additional spatial non-uniform phase. In addition, we experimentally characterize the cooperative optical response of a cold atomic medium at a single photon level. This aims to exploit the enhancement of the spontaneous emissions decay rate (superradiance) as a dependence of the number of atoms involved in the ensemble. The observed atomic response in two different regimes gives a further understanding of the system dynamics and unlocks a promising potential route towards the implementation in scalable, multichannel quantum optical devices.
Photons are very good candidates to carry quantum information due to their negligible interactions. However, photon-photon interactions are needed to process photonic quantum information. This is very useful for quantum repeater applications [1], in which the success probability of entanglement swapping can be highly increased if the Bell-state measurement is performed deterministically. In the case of photons, it requires mapping them in a non-linear medium at the single-photon level. This strong non-linearity has been demonstrated by using Rydberg atoms, which are atoms excited to states with a high principal quantum number. However, previous experiments with Rydberg atoms have been implemented with weak coherent input states of light [2, 3]. Hence, the mapping of true single photons to a medium with strong single-photon non-linearity is, so far, an outstanding goal. In this work, we have demonstrated the storage and retrieval of a paired single photon on a highly non-linear medium based on atoms excited to Rydberg levels. More recently, we have also enhanced the non-linearity of our ensemble to the single photon-level, as witnessed by the antibunching of a stored and retrieved incoming coherent field [3]. This will allow the storage of a single photon in a medium with single-photon non-linearity.
(English) Photons have emerged as the main candidates for carrying quantum information due to their weak interaction with the environment. Unfortunately, their limited interaction with one another poses challenges for photonic quantum information processing. One of the possible solutions lies in the unique behavior of interacting Rydberg excitations in cold atomic ensembles, where strong nonlinearities enable engineering interactions among individual photons. This phenomenon makes Rydberg ensembles a promising platform for quantum information applications, notably in long-distance quantum communication. This thesis presents a series of experiments that explore and exploit Rydberg-mediated interactions, all with the long-term objective of building an efficient quantum repeater. The thesis begins with a concise theory overview of Rydberg and ensemble physics. This is followed by an explanation of the experimental setup. I discuss how, building upon a previously existing setup, we improved the stability and spectral properties of our laser system, along with enhancing the quality of the atomic ensemble. The introductory section of the thesis concludes with a description of two different single-photon generation methods and an in-depth review of various decoherence mechanisms impacting Rydberg ensemble excitations. The single-photon generation performance has been improved by the modifications implemented in the setup, resulting in higher generation rates and better single-photon purity. Supported by experimental data and a careful analysis of experimental parameters, we identify the most probable sources of significant decoherence and suggest potential strategies for mitigation. In our initial experiment, we achieve the storage and subsequent retrieval of an on-demand single photon. This photon is generated through the collective excitation of Rydberg states in one cold atomic ensemble, and it is stored in a low-noise Raman quantum memory situated in another cold atomic ensemble. Our results show the capability to store and retrieve these single photons while maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio of up to 26 and preserving strong antibunching characteristics. We also explore the built-in temporal beam splitting capabilities of the Raman memory and successfully use the memory to control the single photon waveshape. In the second experiment, we demonstrate for the first time an interaction and storage of single photons in a highly non-linear medium based on cold Rydberg atoms. We employ the DLCZ protocol in a cold atomic ensemble to create single photons, guiding them to another ensemble for storage in a highly excited Rydberg state under conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency. By studying the statistics of the light retrieved from the Rydberg atoms, we show for the first time single-photon filtering with non-classical input light. Moreover, through Monte Carlo simulation, we get an intuitive understanding of the effect of the (partial) Rydberg blockade upon the Fock state distribution of arbitrary input light pulses. This allows us to conclude that the response of the medium is determined by the input Fock state distribution, what confirms the established understanding of Rydberg ensemble nonlinearity. This demonstration can be seen as a step towards realization of deterministic photon-photon gates based on Rydberg ensembles with single photon inputs. The results presented in this thesis affirm the potential of Rydberg ensembles to become central elements of future quantum networks, both as single photon sources and processing nodes. Furthermore, auxiliary outcomes provide an additional understanding of the Rydberg ensemble physics and offer insight into limitations that we need to overcome to improve further our setup. (Català) Els fotons han sorgit com els principals candidats per transportar informació quàntica a causa de la seva feble interacció amb el medi ambient. Malauradament, la seva interacció limitada entre ells planteja reptes per al processament de la informació quàntica fotònica. Una de les possibles solucions rau en el comportament únic de les excitacions de Rydberg interactuants en conjunts atòmics freds, on les fortes no linealitats permeten interaccions d'enginyeria entre fotons individuals. Aquest fenomen fa que els conjunts de Rydberg siguin una plataforma prometedora per a aplicacions d'informació quàntica, especialment en la comunicació quàntica de llarga distància. Aquesta tesi presenta una sèrie d'experiments que exploren i exploten les interaccions mediades per Rydberg, tots amb l'objectiu a llarg termini de construir un repetidor quàntic eficient. La tesi comença amb una visió general concisa de la teoria de Rydberg i la física de conjunts atòmics. Tot seguit s'explica la configuració experimental. Parlo de com, a partir d'una configuració existent anteriorment, hem millorat l'estabilitat i les propietats espectrals del nostre sistema làser, juntament amb la millora de la qualitat del conjunt atòmic. La secció introductòria de la tesi conclou amb una descripció de dos mètodes diferents de generació de fotons únics i una revisió en profunditat de diversos mecanismes de decoherència que afecten les excitacions del conjunt de Rydberg. El rendiment de la generació de fotons únics s'ha millorat amb les modificacions implementades a la configuració, donant lloc a taxes de generació més altes i una millor puresa dels fotons únics. Amb el suport de dades experimentals i una anàlisi acurada dels paràmetres experimentals, identifiquem les fonts més probables de decoherència significativa i proposem estratègies potencials per a la seua mitigació. En el nostre experiment inicial, aconseguim l'emmagatzematge i la posterior recuperació dels fotons únics sota demanda. Aquest fotó es genera mitjançant l'excitació col·lectiva dels estats de Rydberg en un conjunt atòmic fred i s'emmagatzema en una memòria quàntica de Raman de baix soroll situada en un altre conjunt atòmic fred. Els nostres resultats mostren la capacitat d'emmagatzemar i recuperar aquests fotons únics mantenint una alta relació senyal-soroll de fins a 26 i conservant fortes característiques antiagrupament. En el segon experiment, demostrem per primera vegada una interacció i emmagatzematge de fotons únics en un medi altament no lineal basat en àtoms freds de Rydberg. Utilitzem el protocol DLCZ en un conjunt atòmic fred per crear fotons únics, guiant-los a un altre conjunt per emmagatzemar-los en un estat de Rydberg molt excitat en condicions de transparència induïda electromagnèticament. En estudiar les estadístiques de la llum recuperada dels àtoms de Rydberg, mostrem per primera vegada el filtratge del fotó únic amb llum no clàssica d'entrada. A més, mitjançant la simulació de Monte Carlo, obtenim una comprensió intuïtiva de l'efecte del bloqueig (parcial) de Rydberg sobre la distribució d'estat de Fock dels polsos arbitraris de llum d'entrada. Això ens permet concloure que la resposta del medi està determinada per la distribució d'estat de Fock d'entrada, la qual cosa confirma la comprensió establerta de la no linealitat del conjunt de Rydberg. Els resultats presentats en aquesta tesi afirmen el potencial dels conjunts de Rydberg per convertir-se en elements centrals de futures xarxes quàntiques, tant com a fonts de fotons individuals com nodes de processament. A més, els resultats auxiliars proporcionen una comprensió addicional de la física del conjunt de Rydberg i ofereixen una visió de les limitacions que hem de superar per millorar encara més la nostra configuració.