Photons are very good candidates to carry quantum information due to their negligible interactions. However, photon-photon interactions are needed to process photonic quantum information. This is very useful for quantum repeater applications [1], in which the success probability of entanglement swapping can be highly increased if the Bell-state measurement is performed deterministically. In the case of photons, it requires mapping them in a non-linear medium at the single-photon level. This strong non-linearity has been demonstrated by using Rydberg atoms, which are atoms excited to states with a high principal quantum number. However, previous experiments with Rydberg atoms have been implemented with weak coherent input states of light [2, 3]. Hence, the mapping of true single photons to a medium with strong single-photon non-linearity is, so far, an outstanding goal. In this work, we have demonstrated the storage and retrieval of a paired single photon on a highly non-linear medium based on atoms excited to Rydberg levels. More recently, we have also enhanced the non-linearity of our ensemble to the single photon-level, as witnessed by the antibunching of a stored and retrieved incoming coherent field [3]. This will allow the storage of a single photon in a medium with single-photon non-linearity.
Photons are very good candidates to carry quantum information due to their negligible interactions. However, photon-photon interactions are needed to process photonic quantum information. This is very useful for quantum repeater applications [1], in which the success probability of entanglement swapping can be highly increased if the Bell-state measurement is performed deterministically. In the case of photons, it requires mapping them in a non-linear medium at the single-photon level. This strong non-linearity has been demonstrated by using Rydberg atoms, which are atoms excited to states with a high principal quantum number. However, previous experiments with Rydberg atoms have been implemented with weak coherent input states of light [2, 3]. Hence, the mapping of true single photons to a medium with strong single-photon non-linearity is, so far, an outstanding goal. In this work, we have demonstrated the storage and retrieval of a paired single photon on a highly non-linear medium based on atoms excited to Rydberg levels. More recently, we have also enhanced the non-linearity of our ensemble to the single photon-level, as witnessed by the antibunching of a stored and retrieved incoming coherent field [3]. This will allow the storage of a single photon in a medium with single-photon non-linearity.
Summary form only given. Strong interaction between two single photons [1], is a long standing and important goal in quantum photonics. This would enable a new regime of nonlinear optics and unlock several applications in quantum information science, including photon-photon gates and deterministic Bell-state measurements for quantum networking. In the context of quantum networks [2], a particularly important case is to achieve strong interaction between single photons from independent photon pairs that can be stored in quantum memories. So far, most of the efforts towards nonlinear effects at the single-photon level have been realized using weak classical input light.In this contribution, we demonstrate the storage and retrieval of a paired single photon emitted by an ensemble quantum memory in a strongly nonlinear medium based on highly excited Rydberg atomic excitations [3,4]. We demonstrate that non-classical correlations between the two photons persist after the retrieval from the Rydberg ensemble. We show that our Rydberg cold atomic ensemble displays optical nonlinearity with input pulses containing few tens of photons. Our results [5], mark an important step towards deterministic photonphoton interactions, and may enable deterministic Bell-state measurement with multimode quantum memories.
Photons are good candidates for carrying quantum information because they are very stable particles: they interact weakly with the medium and barely with each other. However, this has drawbacks when you want to process the information because, in this case, it is preferable to have photon-photon interactions. For example, for applications in quantum repeaters, such interactions would allow deterministic Bell state measurements, increasing the entanglement distribution rate between two remote nodes. Getting two photons to interact with each other efficiently requires mapping them into a nonlinear medium at the single-photon level, that is, a medium that reacts differently when it interacts with a single photon than when it does with two. Such strong nonlinearity has been demonstrated with Rydberg atoms, which are atoms excited to a state with a high principal quantum number.
In this thesis we have performed nonlinear quantum optics experiments using an ensemble of cold Rydberg atoms, where we have studied the properties of the quantum light emitted by these atoms. First, we demonstrated nonlinearities at the single-photon level. To reach this stage, we made several improvements to the previous experimental setup available in the group, of which the implementation of a dipole trap was especially relevant. We evidence quantum nonlinearity by measuring photon antibunching for the transmitted light after interacting with the Rydberg state under electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). We also showed the generation of single photons on-demand after storing weak coherent states of light pulses as collective Rydberg excitations.
Then, we studied the variation of the light statistic throughout the output pulse after propagating through the medium as Rydberg polaritons, which are superposition states of light and Rydberg excitations. We showed that the properties at the beginning and the end of the pulse were different from those of the steady state. In particular, the light detected after the input pulse was abruptly turned off gave much stronger suppression of two-photon events. Then, we investigated how to exploit this effect to generate single photons on demand. To do this, we analyzed the quality of the single photons detected at the end of the pulse as a function of the detection probability and compared the results with those obtained by storing the input pulse as collective Rydberg excitations. We showed that the photons were generated more efficiently when increasing the detection window at the cost of deteriorating the single photons statistics.
Finally, we investigated the indistinguishability of the photons emitted by our Rydberg atomic ensemble, a crucial property for using Rydberg atoms as nodes in quantum networks. We also compared the single photons generated after storage under EIT conditions with those obtained using a two-photon Raman excitation to the Rydberg state. We measured the indistinguishability by making them interfere with weak coherent states of light in a Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment. And we showed that, although we obtained better photon statistics under EIT conditions, the indistinguishability from those obtained with Raman excitation was significantly higher.
Strong interaction between two single photons is a long standing and important goal in quantum photonics. This would enable a new regime of nonlinear optics and unlock several applications in quantum information science, including photonic quantum gates and deterministic Bell-state measurements. In the context of quantum networks, it would be important to achieve interactions between single photons from independent photon pairs storable in quantum memories. So far, most experiments showing nonlinearities at the single-photon level have used weak classical input light. Here we demonstrate the storage and retrieval of a paired single photon emitted by an ensemble quantum memory in a strongly nonlinear medium based on highly excited Rydberg atoms. We show that nonclassical correlations between the two photons persist after retrieval from the Rydberg ensemble. Our result is an important step towards deterministic photon-photon interactions, and may enable deterministic Bell-state measurements with multimode quantum memories.
Systems displaying strong non-linear response at low light level have recently drawn attention as they offer opportunities to engineer interactions between single photons [1]. This would for example allow us to overcome the probabilistic operation of photonic logical gates imposed by linear quantum processing and reach the deterministic regime, an outstanding goal for quantum information processing with light. Interfacing quantum light with a highly non-linear system may enable the implementation of deterministic Bell State measurements, which would significantly help scaling up quantum networks.
Nonlinear optics at the single-photon level enables deterministic photonphoton interaction, a long-standing goal in quantum photonics science. Besides its implication in fundamental aspects of physics, this would unlock several applications in quantum information science. A relevant example are deterministic Bell state measurements, which find a prominent application in long-distance quantum communications using quantum repeater architecture. Toward this goal, we built a highly nonlinear system based on Rydberg excited states of a cold atomic ensemble and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Our work first focuses on the storage of weak coherent light pulses in the atomic ensemble analysing the resulting nonlinear response of the medium. Then we demonstrate storage and retrieval of a paired single photon by coupling the Rydberg ensemble with a second remote cold atomic based quantum memory. Our set-up is based on magneto-optically trapped 87Rb atoms cooled down to temperature of 50 to 100 μK, with a cloud density of 10 ^(10) cm^(-3). Using EIT, light pulses are slowed down, stored as Rydberg collective atomic excitation and retrieved. We characterize EIT, slow-light and light-storage on a variety of Rydberg states, from the 26S up to the 80S. Depending on the state, the typical storage efficiency observed is of the order of few percents at a storage time of ~200 ns while the typical 1/e coherence time is of ~2us. By studying the optical response at different mean probe photon number, we have examined the Rydberg induced nonlinearity in EIT, slow-light and stored-light case for different Rydberg states. In particular, we have measured the nonlinear Rydberg induced dephasing of a stored collective Rydiberg state. For few microseconds storage time we have measured nonlinear response at the order of tens of photons. Our results show that light-storage enhances the nonlinear response of the atomic ensemble when compared to the slow light case, this possibly facilitating photonic quantum information processing using Rydberg excited atoms. Finally, we have used a separated cold atomic quantum memory to generate pair of correlated single photons. One photon of the pair is stored as single collective Rydberg atomic excitation and we show that non-classical correlations between the two photons and the single-photon statistic persist after the retrieval from the Rydberg ensemble. This result marks an important step towards deterministic photon-photon interactions. At the same time, linking a quantum memory with a highly nonlinear system may enable deterministic distribution of entanglement over long-distance using quantum repeaters. Un dels objectius que la fotònica quàntica persegueix des de temps ençà és la interacció determinista entre fotons, fenomen que podria assolir-se gràcies als avanços en l'òptica no-lineal a nivell de fotó únic. Aquests avanços, a més de les seves implicacions en la física fonamental, possibilitarien diferents aplicacions de la informació quàntica. A mode d'exemple, es podrien portar a terme mesures d'estat de Bell deterministes que facilitessin un funcionament eficient de l'arquitectura dels repetidors quàntics. En aquest projecte, i seguint aquesta línia, hem construït un sistema altament no-lineal basat en estats excitats de Rydberg d'un gas d'àtoms freds i hem aplicat el fenomen de la transparència induïda electromagnèticament (EIT). En un primer moment, ens hem focalitzat en l'emmagatzematge de polsos febles de llum coherent dins el núvol atòmic i en l'anàlisi de la resposta no-lineal del medi. Després, hem demostrat el emmagatzematge i la posterior recuperació d'un fotó emparellat (que forma part d'una parella de fotons correlacionat) gràcies a l'acoblament del nostre sistema d'àtoms Rydberg amb una altra memòria quàntica basada en conjunt diferenciat d'àtoms freds. El nostre dispositiu es compon d'àtoms de 87Rb dins una trampa magneto-òptica que han estat refredats a una temperatura de 50uK amb una densitat de 10^(10) cm^(-3). Utilitzant EIT, alentim els polsos de llum, els emmagatzemem en forma d'excitacions col·lectives a nivells de Rydberg i, posteriorment, els recuperem. Després, caracteritzem la llum lenta i l'emmagatzematge de fotons. Per fer-ho, utilitzem diferents estats de Rydberg: des de el 26S fins al 80S. En funció de l'estat, l'eficiència d'emmagatzematge observada és típicament de l'ordre de 2-8% en un temps ~200 ns, mentre que el temps de coherència 1/e típic és de 2us. A través de l'estudi de la resposta òptica a diferents escales de fotons, hem examinat la no-linealitat induïda per les interaccions dipolo-dipolo entre els estats de Rydberg a l'EIT i quins són els seus efectes, tant en la llum lenta, com en l'emmagatzematge. En concret, hem mesurat el desfasament quàntic induït per les interaccions dipolo-dipolo en els estats col·lectius de Rydberg. Al emmagatzemar-los durant uns microsegons, hem pogut mesurar les respostes no-lineals al nivell de desenes de fotons. Els nostres resultats demostren que l'emmagatzematge de la llum augmenta la resposta no-lineal del sistema atòmic respecte a la mera propagació a través del núvol d'àtoms facilitant, d'aquesta forma, el processament de la informació quàntica amb l'ús d'àtoms de Rydberg excitats. Per últim,hem acoblat el nostre sistema amb una altra memòria quàntica basada en àtoms freds que és capaç de generar parells correlacionats de fotons únics. Així, hem pogut demostrar que tant les correlacions no-clàssiques entre els fotons de la parella, com l'estadística que caracteritza el fotó únic, persisteixen després de l'emmagatzematge i la posterior recuperació d'un dels fotons de la parella dins del conjunt d'àtoms en forma d'excitació col·lectiva de Rydberg. Aquest resultat és un pas important cap a la demostració de les interaccions deterministes entre fotons. A la vegada, el fet d'acoblar una memòria quàntica amb un sistema altament no-lineal podria facilitar la distribució determinista d'entrellaçament a llargues distàncies amb l'ús de repetidors quàntics.