Preface Foreword Instead of introduction: in classical physics there is no analogy of particles interference. When a quantum-particle passes only one of the two opened slits, the interference disappears Photon and soliton: the expressions for the energy of the photon and the energy of classical electromagnetic waves are completely different and cannot be derived from one another Uncertainties: when a monochromatic wave is passed through a shutter with a very short opening time, the light after the shutter is no more monochromatic Initial conditions and probabilities: spontaneous decays are chance events. They do not depend on prehistory or any other factors Stimulated gamma quanta emission: the relations between the coefficients of Einstein for stimulated emission and absorption are valid for all transitions Gamma lasers and very narrow Mossbauer gamma line: it is impossible to build a gamma laser using a transition between a very long living and a very short living excited state Electromagnetic energy density at low and high temperature: forbidden transitions in gaseous nebulae emit photons only because of inverse population The science is screened behind the observable: only observable quantities are real and have a meaning The common wave function is screened behind the mathematical possibilities:the wave function is not real but statistical Quantum physics and classical thermodynamics: quantum physics is a complete science Index.
Preface Foreword Instead of introduction: in classical physics there is no analogy of particles interference. When a quantum-particle passes only one of the two opened slits, the interference disappears Photon and soliton: the expressions for the energy of the photon and the energy of classical electromagnetic waves are completely different and cannot be derived from one another Uncertainties: when a monochromatic wave is passed through a shutter with a very short opening time, the light after the shutter is no more monochromatic Initial conditions and probabilities: spontaneous decays are chance events. They do not depend on prehistory or any other factors Stimulated gamma quanta emission: the relations between the coefficients of Einstein for stimulated emission and absorption are valid for all transitions Gamma lasers and very narrow Mossbauer gamma line: it is impossible to build a gamma laser using a transition between a very long living and a very short living excited state Electromagnetic energy density at low and high temperature: forbidden transitions in gaseous nebulae emit photons only because of inverse population The science is screened behind the observable: only observable quantities are real and have a meaning The common wave function is screened behind the mathematical possibilities:the wave function is not real but statistical Quantum physics and classical thermodynamics: quantum physics is a complete science Index.
The nature of the problem The quantum world is inexplicable in classical terms. The predictions pertaining to the interaction of matter and light embodied in Newton's laws for the motion of particles and Maxwell's equations governing the propagation of electromagnetic fields are in flat contradiction with the experimental facts at the microscopic scale. A key feature of quantum effects is their apparent indeterminism, that individual atomic events are unpredictable, uncontrollable and literally seem to have no cause. Regularities emerge only when one considers a large ensemble of such events. This indeed is generally considered to constitute the heart of the conceptual problem posed by quantum phenomena, necessitating a fundamental revision of the deterministic classical world view. Some of the principal phenomena, among those discussed in this book, are as follows: ( a ) Self-interference: a beam of electrons sent one at a time through a barrier containing two apertures builds up through a series of localized detection events on a screen an interference pattern characteristic of waves (cf. the frontispiece and §5.1). ( b ) Tunnelling: an α-particle trapped in a nucleus can pass through a potential barrier in a manner forbidden to a classical particle (§5.3). ( c ) The stability of matter: atoms and molecules are found to exist only in certain discrete, or ‘stationary’, energy states. For this reason they do not ‘collapse’, the result predicted by classical electrodynamics. During transitions between stationary states (quantum jumps) an atom exchanges a discrete quantity of energy with the electromagnetic field (§§4.5, 7.6). […]
One of the yet unsolved, simplest yet fundamental problems in physics is the question of the speed ofgravitational action. Suppose that the Sun disappeared suddenly. The question is: will gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth disappear instantaneously or with a delay of the speed of light? Based onastronomical observations, some experts have argued that the direction of gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth now is directed towards the position of the Sun now, implying instantaneous transmission. Moreover, they have argued that finite speed of gravity would result in instability of planetary systems. However, another line of reasoning by this author has also shown that this literal view of instantaneous transmission is also wrong. This paradox leads us to a profound conclusion that the speed of gravity has dual nature: light speed and instantaneous. How can this be? The new finding is that causality will be (apparently or actually) violated in gravitational phenomenon as follows. Suppose that the Sun disappeared at time t = 0. The strange thing is that the Sun will anticipate its disappearance and will emit zero gravitational field toward the Earth 8.3 minutes before its actual disappearance! This signal travels at the speed of light and reach the Earth after 8.3 minutes. This means that the signal of zero gravitational field will reach the Earth at time t = 0. The arrival of zero gravitational field at the Earth will coincide exactly in time with the disappearance of the Sun, implying instantaneous transmission. Actually, the discovery of this idea of causality violation did not emerge from investigation of the gravitational phenomenon discussed above. It emerged from a line of reasoning during investigation of quantum phenomena, such as particle interference patterns in double-slit experiments, quantum entanglement, “which way” and quantum erasure experiments. From a new insight about the internal structure and dynamics of quantum particles such as photons and electrons, a conclusion has been reached that the exact point on the detector screen of a double-slit experiment where a photon will land is completely predetermined by fine tuning the initial conditions of the photon and the electron during emission. This means that where exactly a photon lands on the detecting screen is completely predetermined by its initial conditions, just as where exactly a ball lands on the ground is predetermined by its initial conditions. This means that in principle an interference pattern or any arbitrary pattern could be formed on the detector screen by (almost) infinitely fine-tuning the initial conditions of the photon during emission, regardless of whether one or both slits are open, regardless of the distance between the slits, regardless of the distance of the detecting screen. The conclusion is that aiming a photon to a particular atom on the screen requires (almost) infinite fine-tuning during emission. This raises the burning question: WHO fine-tunes the photons during emission so that they form an interference pattern or a Gaussian pattern? The emitting atom? The light source conspiring with the detecting screen? Atoms have infinitely small intelligence as to do the infinitely complex task of fine-tuning a photon. The conclusion is that a super natural being is fine-tuning and, literally, aiming each and every photon emitted not only from the light source of a double slit experiment, but also all photons emitted from all light sources in the universe. The overwhelming evidence of divine intervention is that photons and electrons cannot by themselves behave both as waves and as particles simultaneously. LITERALLY, God has been behind all confusing light speed experiments and observations made over centuries. It has been discovered that the correct model of the speed of light is a novel, seamless fusion of ether theory and emission theory ( Apparent Source Theory ). Photons cannot by themselves exhibit this dual nature. Literally, all dualities observed so far in light, electromagnetism and gravity are possible ONLY by DIRECT divine intervention.
We report experimental observations of the long-lived rhodium Mossbauer emissions by the time- and energy-resolved spectroscopy. The extraordinary observations manifest the open-up of photonic band gap in analogy to the superconducting gap of remarkable symmetry breakings at transition point. These observations are of potential importance for detecting gravitational waves and development of the two-photon gamma laser. Firstly, phase transitions shown by spectral evolution of characteristic emissions reveal the different aggregate exciton orderings at room temperature. Six different phases are identified by spectra profiles emitted from the color centers. Secondly, the cascade branching of the multipolar nuclear transition is discovered being the spontaneous cascade down-conversion to generate entangled gammas. The macroscopic angular distribution of entangled gammas from the polycrystalline sample manifests a global photon-nucleus-photon bound state across the grain boundaries. Thirdly, the gamma-energy distributions depending on exciton phases reveal the photonic band gap typically on the order of several hundred eV.
We suggest a somewhat non-standard view on a set of curious, paradoxical from the standpoint of simple classical physics and everyday experience phenomena. There are the quantisation (discrete set of values) of the observables (e.g., energy, momentum, angular momentum); forbidden simultaneous measurements of the observables in the most cases (e.g., of a coordinate and momentum, of angular momentum projections on difference axis); counter-intuitive relations on the simultaneously measurable quantities (e.g., the famous expression for the square momentum l(l+1) with the maximal projection l). These and other paradoxes are traditionally related to "purely quantum" phenomenon, i.e., having no analogue in the "classical world" ones. However, there are deep analogies between classical and "quantum" worlds, as soon as the quantum technique is applied to the classical phenomenon. We follow these analogies with the examples of relatively simple and well known models of classical physics, such as a simplified model of light transition through the media, a system of electric charges close to each other and far from the observer; the specific of motion in the Coulomb/Newtonian field. This text can be considered as a mini-course addressed to higher school and undergraduate students who are interested in basics of quantum mechanics, but are not yet ready for systematic study of standard courses. The text may be also useful to those who supervise such students.
All quantum physical phenomena are maximally closed. Thus, if a photon emitted by a source later is registered in a detector, it is not meaningful “to try to find out what might have happened to the photon on its travel from source to detector.” To find out means to make an experiment. Hence, if a new detector is placed somewhere on the photon route, one has a new phenomenon. In a double-slit experiment the wave interference disappears if one tries to determine which way the particle went. Such mutually exclusive (complementary) particle and wave experiments, represent in the words of Bohr [27], “a rational generalization of classical physics.” To obtain human knowledge of the photon we must make observations.
From a new insight about the internal structure and dynamics of quantum particles such as photons andelectrons, a conclusion has been reached that the exact point on the detector screen of a double-slit experimentwhere a photon will land is completely predetermined by fine tuning the initial conditions of the photon andthe electron during emission. This means that where exactly a photon lands on the detecting screen iscompletely predetermined by its initial conditions, just as where exactly a ball lands on the ground ispredetermined by its initial conditions. This means that an interference pattern or any arbitrary pattern could beformed on the detector screen by (almost) infinitely fine-tuning the initial conditions of the photon duringemission, regardless of whether one or both slits are open, regardless of the distance between the slits,regardless of the distance of the detecting screen. In principle, a mechanical version of particle interferencepatterns can be created by repeatedly kicking a ball towards a hole („slit‟ ) in a wall, with a „detector‟ wall atsome arbitrary distance from the hole(s). This would require almost „infinite‟ fine tuning of the initialconditions of the ball, that is initial velocity, initial direction and other parameters. The interference patternoccurred just because of infinite fine tuning of the initial conditions of the ball and not because the ball„interfered‟ with itself. We just made a successful simulation, and created the pattern as if the ball interfered with itself. A supernatural football player can create an „interference‟ pattern on the net by accuratelydeflecting the ball from either pole. The interference pattern in the photon and electron double-slit experiment is fundamentally the same. The conclusion is that aiming a photon to a particular atom on the screen requires(almost) infinite fine-tuning during emission. This raises the burning question: WHO fine-tunes the photonsduring emission so that they form an interference pattern or a Gaussian pattern? The emitting atom? The light source conspiring with the detecting screen? Atoms have infinitely small intelligence as to do the infinitelycomplex task of fine-tuning a photon. The conclusion is that a super natural being is fine-tuning and, literally,aiming each and every photon emitted not only from the light source of a double slit experiment, but also allphotons emitted from all light sources in the universe. The overwhelming evidence of divine intervention isthat photons and electrons cannot by themselves behave both as waves and as particles simultaneously.LITERALLY, God has been behind all confusing light speed experiments and observations made overcenturies. It has been discovered that the correct model of the speed of light is a novel, seamless fusion of ethertheory and emission theory ( Apparent Source Theory ). Photons cannot by themselves exhibit this dual nature.Literally, all dualities observed so far in light, electromagnetism and gravity are possible ONLY by DIRECT divine intervention.