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中国科学通报：英文版

Deterministic secure quantum communication and authentication protocol based on three-particle W state and quantum one-time pad

Yan, Yuh-Shihng Chang, Shibin, Zhang, Li-Li Li-Li, Jian JIAN, Li

Published Jan 1, 2014• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Three-particle W states are used as decoy photons, and the eavesdropping detection rate reaches 63 %. The positions of decoy photons in information sequence are encoded with identity string ID of the legitimate users. Authentication is implemented by using previously shared identity string. State 丨φ^- ） is used as the carrier. One photon of 丨φ^-） is sent to Bob; and Bob obtains a random key by measuring photons with bases dominated by ID. The bases information is secret to others except Alice and Bob. Both the eavesdropping detection based on three-particle W state and the secret ID ensure the security of the protocol. Unitary operations are not used.

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Dianzi Ke-ji Daxue xuebao•Jan 1, 2015•1 citation
Three-particle W states are used as decoy photons, and the eavesdropping detection rate reaches 63 %. The positions of decoy photons in information sequence are encoded with identity string ID of the legitimate users. Authentication is implemented by using previously shared identity string. State 丨φ^- ） is used as the carrier. One photon of 丨φ^-） is sent to Bob; and Bob obtains a random key by measuring photons with bases dominated by ID. The bases information is secret to others except Alice and Bob. Both the eavesdropping detection based on three-particle W state and the secret ID ensure the security of the protocol. Unitary operations are not used.
A controlled deterministic secure quantum communication（CDSQC） protocol is proposed based on threeparticle GHZ state in X-basis.Only X-basis and Z1Z2X3-basis（composed of Z-basis and X-basis） measurement are required,which makes the scheme more convenient than others in practical applications.By distributing a random key between both sides of the communication and performing classical XOR operation,we realize a one-time-pad scheme,therefore our protocol achieves unconditional secure.Because only user with legitimate identity string can decrypt the secret,our protocol can resist man-in-the middle attack.The three-particle GHZ state in X-basis is used as decoy photons to detect eavesdropping.The detection rate reaches 75% per qubit.
Abstract A controlled deterministic secure quantum communication (CDSQC) protocol is proposed based on three-particle GHZ state in X-basis. Only X-basis and Z 1 Z 2 X 3 -basis (composed of Z-basis and X-basis) measurement are required, which makes the scheme more convenient than others in practical applications. By distributing a random key between both sides of the communication and performing classical XOR operation, we realize a one-time-pad scheme, therefore our protocol achieves unconditional secure. Because only user with legitimate identity string can decrypt the secret, our protocol can resist man-in-the middle attack. The three-particle GHZ state in X-basis is used as decoy photons to detect eavesdropping. The detection rate reaches 75% per qubit.
In this paper, a three-party controlled quantum secure direct communication and authentication (QSDCA) protocol is proposed by using four particle cluster states via a quantum one-time pad and local unitary operations. In the present scheme, only under the permission of the controller, the sender and the receiver can implement secure direct communication successfully. But under any circumstances, Charlie cannot obtain the secret message. Eavesdropping detection and identity authentication are achieved with the help of the previously shared reusable base identity strings of users. This protocol is unconditionally secure in both ideal and practical noisy cases. In one transmission, a qubit of each four particle cluster state is used as controller’s permission and the same qubit with another qubit are used to recover two classical bits of information. In the proposed scheme, the efficiency is improved compared with the previous works.
Two faithful quantum secure communication and authentication schemes based on Bell states and classical XOR operation are proposed, which withstand collective noises.The authentication and eavesdropping detection are completed by using logical decoy photons generating by previously shared identity string.The logical decoy photons are decoherence-free states over the two collective noisy channels respectively.The transmission of secret message is a one-time pad system, which guarantees the absolute security of secret message.Encoding secret message after particle transmission ensures the accuracy of secret message.
In response to the demand for identity authentication in quantum secure direct communication, this paper proposes a quantum secure direct communication scheme based on a mixture of single photon and Bell state, by combining the bidirectional identity authentication. Before communication begins, both parties share a series of secret information to prepare a series of single photon and Bell state particles. Encoding four single photons and four Bell states yields eight types of encoded information, followed by identity authentication. The first step in identity authentication is to use a single photon to verify the legitimacy of the receiver. If the error exceeds the given threshold, it indicates the presence of eavesdropping. Otherwise, the channel is safe. Then, Bell state particles are used to verify the legitimacy of the sender, and the threshold is also used to determine whether there is eavesdropping. The present method is the same as previous one. If the error rate is higher than the given threshold, it indicates the existence of third-party eavesdropping. Otherwise, it indicates that the channel is secure. As for the specific verification method, it will be explained in detail in the article. Afterwards, Bell state particles are mixed with a single photon as a transmission carrier, and eavesdropping detection particles are added whenever the quantum state is sent. However, once the eavesdropper intercepts the transmitted particles, owing to incomplete information obtained, the eavesdropper is unable to recover the original information, and the eavesdropping behavior will be immediately detected, thus terminating communication. In this scheme, single photon and Bell states are fully utilized, and hybrid communication can effectively improve transmission efficiency, encoding capability, and quantum bit utilization. Security analysis shows that this scheme can resist common external and internal attacks such as interception/measurement replay attacks, auxiliary particle attacks, and identity impersonation attacks. The analysis of efficiency and encoding capacity shows that the transmission efficiency of this scheme is 1, the encoding capacity is 3 bits per state, and the quantum bit utilization rate is 1. Compared with other schemes, this scheme has significant advantages because it uses different particles for bidirectional authentication, making it more difficult for attackers to crack, and thus it has higher security than traditional schemes.
Three-particle W state decoy is introduced in controlled quantum secure direct communication to improve the eavesdropping detection probability and prevent the double-CNOT attack. Each particle of three-particle W state decoy is inserted into sending particles to detect eavesdroppers. The decoy particles inserted randomly can prevent the receiver from obtaining the correct correlation between particle 1 and particle 2 before sender coding on them, so that he can not get any secret information without controller's permission. In the security analysis, the maximum amount of information in a qubit is obtained by introducing the entropy theory method, and two decoy strategies are compared quantitatively. If eavesdroppers intend to eavesdrop on secret information, the per qubit detection rate can reach 64% by using three-particle W state as decoy, but 58% by using extended three-particle GHZ state as decoy.