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International Journal of Quantum Information

An efficient controlled quantum secure direct communication and authentication by using four particle cluster states

Milad Nanvakenari, Monireh Houshmand

Published Dec 29, 2016• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, a three-party controlled quantum secure direct communication and authentication (QSDCA) protocol is proposed by using four particle cluster states via a quantum one-time pad and local unitary operations. In the present scheme, only under the permission of the controller, the sender and the receiver can implement secure direct communication successfully. But under any circumstances, Charlie cannot obtain the secret message. Eavesdropping detection and identity authentication are achieved with the help of the previously shared reusable base identity strings of users. This protocol is unconditionally secure in both ideal and practical noisy cases. In one transmission, a qubit of each four particle cluster state is used as controller’s permission and the same qubit with another qubit are used to recover two classical bits of information. In the proposed scheme, the efficiency is improved compared with the previous works.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749917500022

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In this paper, a three-party controlled quantum secure direct communication and authentication (QSDCA) protocol is proposed by using four particle cluster states via a quantum one-time pad and local unitary operations. In the present scheme, only under the permission of the controller, the sender and the receiver can implement secure direct communication successfully. But under any circumstances, Charlie cannot obtain the secret message. Eavesdropping detection and identity authentication are achieved with the help of the previously shared reusable base identity strings of users. This protocol is unconditionally secure in both ideal and practical noisy cases. In one transmission, a qubit of each four particle cluster state is used as controller’s permission and the same qubit with another qubit are used to recover two classical bits of information. In the proposed scheme, the efficiency is improved compared with the previous works.
The controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) with authentication protocol based on four particle cluster states via quantum one-time pad and local unitary operations is cryptanalyzed. It is found that there are some serious security issues in this protocol. An eavesdropper (Eve) can eavesdrop on some information of the identity strings of the receiver and the controller without being detected by the selective-CNOT-operation (SCNO) attack. By the same attack, Eve can also steal some information of the secret message that the sender transmits. In addition, the receiver can take the same kind of attack to eavesdrop on some information of the secret message out of the control of the controller. This means that the requirements of CQSDC are not satisfied. At last, we improve the original CQSDC protocol to a secure one.
A new controlled quantum secure direct communication (CQSDC) protocol is presented by using a four-particle cluster state as quantum channel and the physical characteristics of controlled quantum teleportation to implement the transmission and the control. In this scheme, the receiver can receive the secret message from the sender and recover the secret message under the permission of the controller. According to the security analysis, the communication is secure against both participant and outside attacks, so this CQSDC protocol is secure and feasible.
To transmit secure message, a controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol is proposed based on five-particle cluster state and EPR pair entanglement swapping. The sender and the controller own their EPR pair sequences respectively. The sender sends one photon of the EPR pair he owns to controller. The controller performs local unitary operation randomly on one photon of the EPR pair he owns and sends it to the receiver as his permission. The sender encodes his secret message on the other photon of the EPR pair he owns and sends it to the receiver. Because of EPR pair entanglement swapping, the two photons in the receiver's hand entangled. Under the permission of the controller, the controller and the receiver measure their new EPR pairs in the Bell basis in turn. By comparing the measurement result of the receiver and the original state, the receiver can get the secret message. To ensure the security of the message transmitting, five photons of five-particle cluster state are all mixed in sending sequence to detect eavesdropping which can bring per qubit 88% eavesdropping detection probability. Compared with taking three photons of five-particle cluster state as detection photons, five photons in this paper will decrease the number of five-particle cluster state for detection greatly. The security of the present protocol is discussed: the detection probability of this protocol is more than 88%, and intercept-measure-resend attacks and correlation-elicitation (CE) attack can be defended effectively.
A controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol based on four-qubit cluster states and quantum search algorithm is put forward, in which four users, a sender, a receiver and two controllers, are involved in achieving the secure transmission of secret message. The four-qubit cluster state can ensure the feasibility and security of the protocol because of its large persistency of entanglement. Meanwhile, the idea of quantum search algorithm is used to accomplish the task of encoding and decoding secret message. The proposed protocol can successfully avoid the information leakage problem and resist some common attacks including the outsider attacks and the internal attacks, and its qubit efficiency is up to 20%. Furthermore, compared with the previous quantum secure direct communication protocols, it can effectively resist the attacks from the dishonest receiver.
Based on the GHZ-like state, we proposed a new efficient three-party controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol for the sender to send secret information to the receiver with the permission and assistance of the controller. In this scheme, the controller prepares GHZ-like state and performs random unitary operation on the particles, and the sender encodes secret information onto his particles using dense coding and then transmits them though the quantum channel. The receiver can recover the secret information based on the controller's information and the results of the Bell basis measurement. The operations performed by the controller ensure that the receiver cannot obtain any part of the secret information without the permission of the controller. In addition, it is proved that the efficiency of the proposed scheme is higher than the existing protocols by comparison.
The security of Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) and its authentication procedure based on multiple stages is analyzed. The security analysis shows that the process of authentication is required to be done three times based on the usage of unitary transformation that is only known between Alice and Bob. In the proposed protocol, a secure quantum handshake is utilized to share the secret polarization angle and an authentication key at the initial stage of authentication over the quantum channel. The symmetry key is used in this work to protect user data communication within the QSDC protocol, where the same secret key is used to encrypt and decrypt the message. This work adopts the information travel time (ITT) by allowing the sender to detect any interference from third parties. In addition, the operation of the Pauli-X quantum gate increases Eve’s difficulty in stealing the information. The information transmitted is then continued by sending photons once in the quantum channel, which improves the efficiency without losing the message’s security. In addition, to securely transfer the stream of messages, the proposed protocol is operated in single-stage, and the authentication is applied bit-by-bit, thus reducing the transmission time. Security checks are carried out along the data transmission process. Compared to previous protocols, this new initial authentication protocol has remarkable advantages since it does not require public communication to pre-share the authentication key and secret angles before the onset of the transmission, therefore, reducing the communication cost. Moreover, the secret authentication key and polarization angles are updated after a number of bits are sent to increase the security level. The verification process is also conducted to ensure the symmetry of the sender and receiver. The analyses presented herein demonstrate that the proposed authentication protocol is simple and secure in order to ensure the legitimacy of the users.